Methods for generating hypermutable yeast

ABSTRACT

Yeast cells are mutagenized to obtain desirable mutants. Mutagenesis is mediated by a defective mismatch repair system which can be enhanced using conventional exogenously applied mutagens. Yeast cells with the defective mismatch repair system are hypermutable, but after selection of desired mutant yeast strains, they can be be rendered genetically stable by restoring the mismatch repair system to proper functionality.

[0001] This application claims the benefit of provisional application serial No. 60/184,336 filed Feb. 23, 2000.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention is related to the area of mismatch repair genes. In particular it is related to the field of in situ mutagenesis of single celled organisms.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Within the past four years, the genetic cause of the Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Syndrome (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome II, has been ascertained for the majority of kindred's affected with the disease (Liu, B., Parsons, R., Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N. C., Lynch, H. T., Watson, P., Jass, J. R., Dunlop, M., Wyllie, A., Peltomaki, P., de la Chapelle, A., Hamilton, S. R., Vogelstein, B., and Kinzler, K. W. 1996. Analysis of mismatch repair genes in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer patients. Nat. Med. 2:169-174). The molecular basis of HNPCC involves genetic instability resulting from defective mismatch repair (MMR). To date, six genes have been identified in humans that encode for proteins and appear to participate in the MMR process, including the mutS homologs GTBP, hMSH2, and hMSH3 and the mutL homologs hMLH1, hPMS1, and hPMS2 (Bronner, C. E., Baker, S. M., Morrison, P. T., Warren, G., Smith, L. G., Lescoe, M. K., Kane, M., Earabino, C., Lipford, J., Lindblom, A., Tannergard, P., Bollag, R. J., Godwin, A., R., Ward, D. C., Nordenskjold, M., Fishel, R., Kolodner, R., and Liskay, R. M. 1994. Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH1 is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Nature 368:258-261; Fishel, R., Lescoe, M., Rao, M. R. S., Copeland, N. J., Jenkins, N. A., Garber, J., Kane, M., and Kolodner, R. 1993. The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell 7:1027-1038; Leach, F. S., Nicolaides, N. C, Papadopoulos, N., Liu, B., Jen, J., Parsons, R., Peltomaki, P., Sistonen, P., Aaltonen, L. A., Nystrom-Lahti, M., Guan, X. Y., Zhang, J., Meltzer, P. S., Yu, J. W., Kao, F. T., Chen, D. J., Cerosaletti, K. M., Fournier, R. E. K., Todd, S., Lewis, T., Leach R. J., Naylor, S. L., Weissenbach, J., Mecklin, J. P., Jarvinen, J. A., Petersen, G. M., Hamilton, S. R., Green, J., Jass, J., Watson, P., Lynch, H. T., Trent, J. M., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. 1993. Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 75:1215-1225; Nicolaides, N. C., Papadopoulos, N., Liu, B., Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C., Ruben, S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., Fleischmann, R. D., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venter, C. J., Dunlop, M. G., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., de la Chapelle, A., Vogelstein, B., and kinzler, K. W. 1994. Mutations of two PMS homologs in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature 371: 75-80; Nicolaides, N. C., Palombo, F., Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B., and Jiricny, J. 1996. Molecular cloning of the N-terminus of GTBP. Genomics 31:395-397; Palombo, F., Hughes, M., Jiricny, J., Truong, O., Hsuan, J. 1994. Mismatch repair and cancer. Nature 36:417; Palombo, F., Gallinari, P., laccarino, I., Lettieri, T., Hughes, M. A., Truong, O., Hsuan, J. J., and Jiricny, J. 1995. GTBP, a 160-kilodalton protein essential for mismatch-binding activity in human cells. Science 268:1912-1914; Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N. C., Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C., Ruben, S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., Fleischmann, R. D., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venter, C. J., Dunlop, M. G., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., de la Chapelle, A., Vogelstein, B., and Kinzler, K. W. 1994. Mutation of a mutL homolog is associated with hereditary colon cancer. Science 263:1625-1629). Germline mutations in four of these genes (hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS1, and hPMS2) have been identified in HNPCC kindred's (Bronner, C. E., Baker, S. M., Morrison, P. T., Warren, G., Smith, L. G., Lescoe, M. K., Kane, M., Earabino, C., Lipford, J., Lindblom, A., Tannergard, P., Bollag, R. J., Godwin, A., R., Ward, D. C., Nordenskjold, M., Fishel, R., Kolodner, R., and Liskay, R. M. 1994. Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH1 is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Nature 368:258-261; Leach, F. S., Nicolaides, N. C, Papadopoulos, N., Liu, B., Jen, J., Parsons, R., Peltomaki, P., Sistonen, P., Aaltonen, L. A., Nystrom-Lahti, M., Guan, X. Y., Zhang, J., Meltzer, P. S., Yu, J. W., Kao, F. T., Chen, D. J., Cerosaletti, K. M., Fournier, R. E. K., Todd, S., Lewis, T., Leach R. J., Naylor, S. L., Weissenbach, J., Mecklin, J. P., Jarvinen, J. A., Petersen, G. M., Hamilton, S. R., Green, J., Jass, J., Watson, P., Lynch, H. T., Trent, J. M., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzier, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. 1993. Mutations of a muts homolog in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 75:1215-1225; Liu, B., Parsons, R., Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N. C., Lynch, H. T., Watson, P., Jass, J. R., Dunlop, M., Wyllie, A., Peltomaki, P., de la Chapelle, A., Hamilton, S. R., Vogelstein, B., and Kinzler, K. W. 1996. Analysis of mismatch repair genes in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer patients. Nat. Med. 2:169-174; Nicolaides, N. C., Papadopoulos, N., Liu, B., Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C., Ruben, S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., Fleischmann, R. D., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venter, C. J., Dunlop, M. G., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., de la Chapelle, A., Vogelstein, B., and kinzler, K. W. 1994. Mutations of two PMS homologs in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature 371: 75-80; Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N. C., Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C., Ruben, S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., Fleischmann, R. D., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venter, C. J., Dunlop, M. G., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., de la Chapelle, A., Vogelstein, B., and kinzler, K. W. 1994. Mutation of a mutL homolog is associated with hereditary colon cancer. Science 263:1625-1629). Though the mutator defect that arises from the MMR deficiency can affect any DNA sequence, microsatellite sequences are particularly sensitive to MMR abnormalities (Modrich, P. 1994. Mismatch repair, genetic stability, and cancer. Science 266:1959-1960). Microsatellite instability (MI) is therefore a useful indicator of defective MMR. In addition to its occurrence in virtually all tumors arising in HNPCC patients, MI is found in a small fraction of sporadic tumors with distinctive molecular and phenotypic properties (Perucho, M. 1996. Cancer of the microsattelite mutator phenotype. Biol. Chem. 377:675-684).

[0004] HNPCC is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, so that the normal cells of affected family members contain one mutant allele of the relevant MMR gene (inherited from an affected parent) and one wild-type allele (inherited from the unaffected parent). During the early stages of tumor development, however, the wild-type allele is inactivated through a somatic mutation, leaving the cell with no functional MMR gene and resulting in a profound defect in MMR activity. Because a somatic mutation in addition to a germ-line mutation is required to generate defective MMR in the tumor cells, this mechanism is generally referred to as one involving two hits, analogous to the biallelic inactivation of tumor suppressor genes that initiate other hereditary cancers (Leach, F. S., Nicolaides, N. C, Papadopoulos, N., Liu, B., Jen, J., Parsons, R., Peltomaki, P., Sistonen, P., Aaltonen, L. A., Nystrom-Lahti, M., Guan, X. Y., Zhang, J., Meltzer, P. S., Yu, J. W., Kao, F. T., Chen, D. J., Cerosaletti, K. M., Fournier, R. E. K., Todd, S., Lewis, T., Leach R. J., Naylor, S. L., Weissenbach, J., Mecklin, J. P., Jarvinen, J. A., Petersen, G. M., Hamilton, S. R., Green, J., Jass, J., Watson, P., Lynch, H. T., Trent, J. M., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. 1993. Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 75:1215-1225; Liu, B., Parsons, R., Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N. C., Lynch, H. T., Watson, P., Jass, J. R., Dunlop, M., Wyllie, A., Peltomaki, P., de la Chapelle, A., Hamilton, S. R., Vogelstein, B., and Kinzler, K. W. 1996. Analysis of mismatch repair genes in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer patients. Nat. Med. 2:169-174; Parsons, R., Li, G. M., Longley, M. J., Fang, W. H., Papadopolous, N., Jen, J., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzier, K. W., Vogelstein, B., and Modrich, P. 1993. Hypermutability and mismatch repair deficiency in RER+tumor cells. Cell 75:1227-1236). In line with this two-hit mechanism, the non-neoplastic cells of HNPCC patients generally retain near normal levels of MMR activity due to the presence of the wild-type allele.

[0005] The ability to alter the signal transduction pathways by manipulation of a gene products function, either by over-expression of the wild type protein or a fragment thereof, or by introduction of mutations into specific protein domains of the protein, the so-called dominant-negative inhibitory mutant, were described over a decade in the yeast system Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Herskowitz (Nature 329(6136):219-222, 1987). It has been demonstrated that over-expression of wild type gene products can result in a similar, dominant-negative inhibitory phenotype due most likely to the “saturating-out” of a factor, such as a protein, that is present at low levels and necessary for activity; removal of the protein by binding to a high level of its cognate partner results in the same net effect, leading to inactivation of the protein and the associated signal transduction pathway. Recently, work done by Nicolaides et. al. (Nicolaides N C, Littman S J, Modrich P, Kinzler K W, Vogelstein B 1998. A naturally occurring hPMS2 mutation can confer a dominant negative mutator phenotype. Mol Cell Biol 18:1635-1641) has demonstrated the utility of introducing dominant negative inhibitory mismatch repair mutants into mammalian cells to confer global DNA hypermutability. The ability to manipulate the MMR process and therefore increase the mutability of the target host genome at will, in this example a mammalian cell, allows for the generation of innovative cell subtypes or variants of the original wild type cells. These variants can be placed under a specified, desired selective process, the result of which is a novel organism that expresses an altered biological molecule(s) and has a new trait. The concept of creating and introducing dominant negative alleles of a gene, including the MMR alleles, in bacterial cells has been documented to result in genetically altered prokaryotic mismatch repair genes (Aronshtam A, Marinus M G. 1996. Dominant negative mutator mutations in the mutL gene of Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res 24:2498-2504; Wu T H, Marinus M G. 1994. Dominant negative mutator mutations in the mutS gene of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 176:5393-400; Brosh R M Jr, Matson S W. 1995. Mutations in motif II of Escherichia coli DNA helicase II render the enzyme nonfunctional in both mismatch repair and excision repair with differential effects on the unwinding reaction. J Bacteriol 177:5612-5621). Furthermore, altered MMR activity has been demonstrated when MMR genes from different species including yeast, mammalian cells, and plants are over-expressed (Fishel, R., Lescoe, M., Rao, M. R. S., Copeland, N. J., Jenkins, N. A., Garber, J., Kane, M., and Kolodner, R. 1993. The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell 7:1027-1038; Studamire B, Quach T, Alani, E. 1998. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh2p and Msh6p ATPase activities are both required during mismatch repair. Mol Cell Biol 18:7590-7601; Alani E, Sokolsky T, Studamire B, Miret J J, Lahue R S. 1997. Genetic and biochemical analysis of Msh2p-Msh6p: role of ATP hydrolysis and Msh2p-Msh6p subunit interactions in mismatch base pair recognition. Mol Cell Biol 17:2436-2447; Lipkin S M, Wang V, Jacoby R, Banerjee-Basu S, Baxevanis A D, Lynch H T, Elliott R M, and Collins F S. 2000. MLH3: a DNA mismatch repair gene associated with mammalian microsatellite instability. Nat. Genet. 24:27-35).

[0006] There is a continuing need in the art for methods of genetically manipulating useful strains of yeast to increase their performance characteristics and abilities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for rendering yeast cells hypermutable.

[0008] It is another object of the invention to provide hypermutable yeast cells.

[0009] It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of mutating a gene of interest in a yeast.

[0010] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method to produce yeast that are hypermutable.

[0011] It is an object of the invention to provide a method to restore normal mismatch repair activity to hypermutable cells following strain selection.

[0012] These and other objects of the invention are provided by one or more of the following embodiments. In one embodiment a method is provided for making a hypermutable yeast. A polynucleotide comprising a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene is introduced into a yeast cell. The cell thus becomes hypermutable.

[0013] According to another embodiment a homogeneous composition of cultured, hypermutable yeast cells is provided. The yeast cells comprise a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene.

[0014] According to still another embodiment of the invention a method is provided for generating a mutation in a gene of interest. A yeast cell culture comprising the gene of interest and a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene is cultivated. The yeast cell is hypermutable. Cells of the culture are tested to determine whether the gene of interest harbors a mutation.

[0015] In yet another embodiment of the invention a method is provided for generating a mutation in a gene of interest. A yeast cell comprising the gene of interest and a polynucleotide encoding a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene is grown to create a population of mutated, hypermutable yeast cells. The population of mutated, hypermutable yeast cells is cultivated under trait selection conditions. Yeast cells which grow under trait selection conditions are tested to determine whether the gene of interest harbors a mutation.

[0016] Also provided by the present invention is a method for generating enhanced hypermutable yeast. A yeast cell is exposed to a mutagen. The yeast cell is defective in mismatch repair (MMR) due to the presence of a dominant negative allele of at least one MMR gene. An enhanced rate of mutation of the yeast cell is achieved due to the exposure to the mutagen.

[0017] According to still another aspect of the invention a method is provided for generating mismatch repair (MMR)-proficient yeast with new output traits. A yeast cell comprising a gene of interest and a polynucleotide encoding a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene is grown to create a population of mutated, hypermutable yeast cells. The population of mutated, hypermutable yeast cells is cultivated under trait selection conditions. The yeast cells which grow under trait selection conditions are tested to determine whether the gene of interest harbors a mutation. Normal mismatch repair activity is restored to the yeast cells.

[0018] These and other embodiments of the invention provide the art with methods that can generate enhanced mutability in yeast as well as providing single-celled eukaryotic organisms harboring potentially useful mutations to generate novel output traits for commercial applications.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] It is a discovery of the present invention that hypermutable yeast can be made by altering the activity of endogenous mismatch repair activity of host cells. Dominant negative alleles of mismatch repair genes, when introduced and expressed in yeast, increase the rate of spontaneous mutations by reducing the effectiveness of endogenous mismatch repair-mediated DNA repair activity, thereby rendering the yeast highly susceptible to genetic alterations, i.e., hypermutable. Hypermutable yeast can then be utilized to screen for mutations in a gene or a set of genes in variant siblings that exhibit an output trait(s) not found in the wild-type cells.

[0020] The process of mismatch repair, also called mismatch proofreading, is an evolutionarily highly conserved process that is carried out by protein complexes described in cells as disparate as prokaryotic cells such as bacteria to more complex mammalian cells (Modrich, P. 1994. Mismatch repair, genetic stability, and cancer. Science 266:1959-1960; Parsons, R., Li, G. M., Longley, M., Modrich, P., Liu, B., Berk, T., Hamilton, S. R., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. 1995. Mismatch repair deficiency in phenotypically normal human cells. Science 268:738-740; Perucho, M. 1996. Cancer of the microsattelite mutator phenotype. Biol. Chem. 377:675-684). A mismatch repair gene is a gene that encodes one of the proteins of such a mismatch repair complex. Although not wanting to be bound by any particular theory of mechanism of action, a mismatch repair complex is believed to detect distortions of the DNA helix resulting from non-complementary pairing of nucleotide bases. The non-complementary base on the newer DNA strand is excised, and the excised base is replaced with the appropriate base that is complementary to the older DNA strand. In this way, cells eliminate many mutations that occur as a result of mistakes in DNA replication, resulting in genetic stability of the sibling cells derived from the parental cell.

[0021] Some wild type alleles as well as dominant negative alleles cause a mismatch repair defective phenotype even in the presence of a wild-type allele in the same cell. An example of a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene is the human gene hPMS2-134, which carries a truncation mutation at codon 134 (Parsons, R., Li, G. M., Longley, M., Modrich, P., Liu, B., Berk, T., Hamilton, S. R., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. 1995. Mismatch repair deficiency in phenotypically normal human cells. Science 268:738-740; Nicolaides N C, Littman S J, Modrich P, Kinzler K W, Vogelstein B 1998. A naturally occurring hPMS2 mutation can confer a dominant negative mutator phenotype. Mol Cell Biol 18:1635-1641). The mutation causes the product of this gene to abnormally terminate at the position of the 134th amino acid, resulting in a shortened polypeptide containing the N-terminal 133 amino acids. Such a mutation causes an increase in the rate of mutations, which accumulate in cells after DNA replication. Expression of a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene results in impairment of mismatch repair activity, even in the presence of the wild-type allele. Any mismatch repair allele, which produces such effect, can be used in this invention, whether it is wild-type or altered, whether it derives from mammalian, yeast, fungal, amphibian, insect, plant, or bacteria. In addition, the use of over-expressed wild type MMR gene alleles from human, mouse, plants, and yeast in bacteria has been shown to cause a dominant negative effect on the bacterial hosts MMR activity (Aronshtam A, Marinus M G. 1996. Dominant negative mutator mutations in the mutL gene of Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res 24:2498-2504; Wu T H, Marinus M G. 1994. Dominant negative mutator mutations in the mutS gene of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 176:5393-400; Brosh R M Jr, Matson S W. 1995. Mutations in motif II of Escherichia coli DNA helicase II render the enzyme nonfunctional in both mismatch repair and excision repair with differential effects on the unwinding reaction. J Bacteriol 177:5612-5621; Lipkin SM, Wang V, Jacoby R, Banerjee-Basu S, Baxevanis A D, Lynch H T, Elliott R M, and Collins F S. 2000. MLH3: a DNA mismatch repair gene associated with mammalian microsatellite instability. Nat Genet 24:27-35). This suggests that perturbation of the multi-component MMR protein complex can be accomplished by introduction of MMR components from other species into yeast.

[0022] Dominant negative alleles of a mismatch repair gene can be obtained from the cells of humans, animals, yeast, bacteria, plants or other organisms. Screening cells for defective mismatch repair activity can identify such alleles. Mismatch repair genes may be mutant or wild type. Yeast host MMR may be mutated or not. The term yeast used in this application comprises any organism from the eukaryotic kingdom, including but not limited to Saccharomyces sp., Pichia sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Kluyveromyces sp., and other fungi (Gellissen, G. and Hollenberg, C P. Gene 190(1):87-97, 1997). These organisms can be exposed to chemical mutagens or radiation, for example, and can be screened for defective mismatch repair. Genomic DNA, cDNA, mRNA, or protein from any cell encoding a mismatch repair protein can be analyzed for variations from the wild-type sequence. Dominant negative alleles of a mismatch repair gene can also be created artificially, for example, by producing variants of the hPMS2-134 allele or other mismatch repair genes (Nicolaides N C, Littman S J, Modrich P, Kinzler K W, Vogelstein B 1998. A naturally occurring hPMS2 mutation can confer a dominant negative mutator phenotype. Mol Cell Biol 18:1635-1641). Various techniques of site-directed mutagenesis can be used. The suitability of such alleles, whether natural or artificial, for use in generating hypermutable yeast can be evaluated by testing the mismatch repair activity (using methods described in Nicolaides N C, Littman S J, Modrich P, Kinzler K W, Vogelstein B 1998. A naturally occurring hPMS2 mutation can confer a dominant negative mutator phenotype. Mol Cell Biol 18:1635-1641) caused by the allele in the presence of one or more wild-type alleles to determine if it is a dominant negative allele.

[0023] A yeast that over-expresses a wild type mismatch repair allele or a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene will become hypermutable. This means that the spontaneous mutation rate of such yeast is elevated compared to yeast without such alleles. The degree of elevation of the spontaneous mutation rate can be at least 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 50-fold, 100-fold, 200-fold, 500-fold, or 1000-fold that of the normal yeast as measured as a function of yeast doubling/hour.

[0024] According to one aspect of the invention, a polynucleotide encoding either a wild type or a dominant negative form of a mismatch repair protein is introduced into yeast. The gene can be any dominant negative allele encoding a protein which is part of a mismatch repair complex, for example, mutS, mutL, muth, or mutY homologs of the bacterial, yeast, plant or mammalian genes (Modrich, P. 1994. Mismatch repair, genetic stability, and cancer. Science 266:1959-1960; Prolla, T. A, Pang, Q., Alani, E., Kolodner, R. A., and Liskay, R. M. 1994. MLH1, PMS1, and MSH2 Interaction during the initiation of DNA mismatch repair in yeast. Science 264:1091-1093). The dominant negative allele can be naturally occurring or made in the laboratory. The polynucleotide can be in the form of genomic DNA, cDNA, RNA, or a chemically synthesized polynucleotide or polypeptide. The molecule can be introduced into the cell by transformation, electroporation, mating, particle bombardment, or other method described in the literature.

[0025] Transformation is used herein as any process whereby a polynucleotide or polypeptide is introduced into a cell. The process of transformation can be carried out in a yeast culture using a suspension of cells. The yeast can be any type classified under the eukayotic kingdom as by international convention.

[0026] In general, transformation will be carried out using a suspension of cells but other methods can also be employed as long as a sufficient fraction of the treated cells incorporate the polynucleotide or polypeptide so as to allow transfected cells to be grown and utilized. The protein product of the polynucleotide may be transiently or stably expressed in the cell. Techniques for transformation are well known to those skilled in the art. Available techniques to introduce a polynucleotide or polypeptide into a yeast cell include but are not limited to electroporation, viral transduction, cell fusion, the use of spheroplasts or chemically competent cells (e.g., calcium chloride), and packaging of the polynucleotide together with lipid for fusion with the cells of interest. Once a cell has been transformed with the mismatch repair gene or protein, the cell can be propagated and manipulated in either liquid culture or on a solid agar matrix, such as a petri dish. If the transfected cell is stable, the gene will be expressed at a consistent level for many cell generations, and a stable, hypermutable yeast strain results.

[0027] An isolated yeast cell can be obtained from a yeast culture by chemically selecting strains using antibiotic selection of an expression vector. If the yeast cell is derived from a single cell, it is defined as a clone. Techniques for single-cell cloning of microorganisms such as yeast are well known in the art.

[0028] A polynucleotide encoding a dominant negative form of a mismatch repair protein can be introduced into the genome of yeast or propagated on an extra-chromosomal plasmid, such as the 2-micron plasmid. Selection of clones harboring a mismatch repair gene expression vector can be accomplished by plating cells on synthetic complete medium lacking the appropriate amino acid or other essential nutrient as described (J. C. Schneider and L. Guarente, Methods in Enzymology 194:373, 1991). The yeast can be any species for which suitable techniques are available to produce transgenic microorganisms, such as but not limited to genera including Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Pichia, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces and others.

[0029] Any method for making transgenic yeast known in the art can be used. According to one process of producing a transgenic microorganism, the polynucleotide is introduced into the yeast by one of the methods well known to those in the art. Next, the yeast culture is grown under conditions that select for cells in which the polynucleotide encoding the mismatch repair gene is either incorporated into the host genome as a stable entity or propagated on a self-replicating extra-chromosomal plasmid, and the protein encoded by the polynucleotide fragment transcribed and subsequently translated into a functional protein within the cell. Once transgenic yeast is engineered to harbor the expression construct, it is then propagated to generate and sustain a culture of transgenic yeast indefinitely.

[0030] Once a stable, transgenic yeast cell has been engineered to express a defective mismatch repair (MMR) protein, the yeast can be cultivated to create novel mutations in one or more target gene(s) of interest harbored within the same yeast cell. A gene of interest can be any gene naturally possessed by the yeast or one introduced into the yeast host by standard recombinant DNA techniques. The target gene(s) may be known prior to the selection or unknown. One advantage of employing such transgenic yeast cells to induce mutations in resident or extra-chromosomal genes within the yeast is that it is unnecessary to expose the cells to mutagenic insult, whether it is chemical or radiation, to produce a series of random gene alterations in the target gene(s). This is due to the highly efficient nature and the spectrum of naturally occurring mutations that result as a consequence of the altered mismatch repair process. However, it is possible to increase the spectrum and frequency of mutations by the concomitant use of either chemical and/or radiation together with MMR defective cells. The net effect of the combination treatment is an increase in mutation rate in the genetically altered yeast that are useful for producing new output traits. The rate of the combination treatment is higher than the rate using only the MMR-defective cells or only the mutagen with wild-type MMR cells.

[0031] MMR-defective yeast of the invention can be used in genetic screens for the direct selection of variant sub-clones that exhibit new output traits with commercially desirable applications. This permits one to bypass the tedious and time consuming steps of gene identification, isolation and characterization.

[0032] Mutations can be detected by analyzing the internally and/or externally mutagenized yeast for alterations in its genotype and/or phenotype. Genes that produce altered phenotypes in MMR-defective microbial cells can be discerned by any of a variety of molecular techniques well known to those in the art. For example, the yeast genome can be isolated and a library of restriction fragments of the yeast genome can be cloned into a plasmid vector. The library can be introduced into a “normal” cell and the cells exhibiting the novel phenotype screened. A plasmid can be isolated from those normal cells that exhibit the novel phenotype and the gene(s) characterized by DNA sequence analysis. Alternatively, differential messenger RNA screen can be employed utilizing driver and tester RNA (derived from wild type and novel mutant, respectively) followed by cloning the differential transcripts and characterizing them by standard molecular biology methods well known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, if the mutant sought is encoded by an extra-chromosomal plasmid, then following co-expression of the dominant negative MMR gene and the gene of interest, and following phenotypic selection, the plasmid can be isolated from mutant clones and analyzed by DNA sequence analysis using methods well known to those in the art. Phenotypic screening for output traits in MMR-defective mutants can be by biochemical activity and/or a readily observable phenotype of the altered gene product. A mutant phenotype can also be detected by identifying alterations in electrophoretic mobility, DNA binding in the case of transcription factors, spectroscopic properties such as IR, CD, X-ray crystallography or high field NMR analysis, or other physical or structural characteristics of a protein encoded by a mutant gene. It is also possible to screen for altered novel function of a protein in situ, in isolated form, or in model systems. One can screen for alteration of any property of the yeast associated with the function of the gene of interest, whether the gene is known prior to the selection or unknown.

[0033] The screening and selection methods discussed are meant to illustrate the potential means of obtaining novel mutants with commercially valuable output traits, but they are not meant to limit the many possible ways in which screening and selection can be carried out by those of skill in the art.

[0034] Plasmid expression vectors that harbor a mismatch repair (MMR) gene insert can be used in combination with a number of commercially available regulatory sequences to control both the temporal and quantitative biochemical expression level of the dominant negative MMR protein. The regulatory sequences can be comprised of a promoter, enhancer or promoter/enhancer combination and can be inserted either upstream or downstream of the MMR gene to control the expression level. The regulatory sequences can be any of those well known to those in the art, including but not limited to the AOX1, GAP, GAL1, GAL10, PHO5, and PGK promoters harbored on high or low copy number extra-chromosomal expression vectors or on constructs that are integrated into the genome via homologous recombination. These types of regulatory systems have been disclosed in scientific publications and are familiar to those skilled in the art.

[0035] Once a microorganism with a novel, desired output trait of interest is created, the activity of the aberrant MMR activity is desirably attenuated or eliminated by any means known in the art. These include but are not limited to removing an inducer from the culture medium that is responsible for promoter activation, curing a plasmid from a transformed yeast cell, and addition of chemicals, such as 5-fluoro-orotic acid to “loop-out” the gene of interest.

[0036] In the case of an inducibly controlled dominant negative MMR allele, expression of the dominant negative MMR gene will be turned on (induced) to generate a population of hypermutable yeast cells with new output traits. Expression of the dominant negative MMR allele can be rapidly turned off to reconstitute a genetically stable strain that displays a new output trait of commercial interest. The resulting yeast strain is now useful as a stable strain that can be applied to various commercial applications, depending upon the selection process placed upon it.

[0037] In cases where genetically deficient mismatch repair yeast [strains such as but not limited to: M1 (mutS) and in EC2416 (mutS delta umuDC), and mutL or mutY strains] are used to derive new output traits, transgenic constructs can be used that express wild type mismatch repair genes sufficient to complement the genetic defect and therefore restore mismatch repair activity of the host after trait selection [Grzesiuk, E. et. al. (Mutagenesis 13;127-132, 1998); Bridges, B. A., et. al. (EMBO J. 16:3349-3356, 1997); LeClerc, J. E., Science 15:1208-1211, 1996); Jaworski, A. et. al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 92:11019-11023, 1995)]. The resulting yeast is genetically stable and can be employed for various commercial applications.

[0038] The use of over-expression of foreign (exogenous, transgenic) mismatch repair genes from human and yeast such as MSH2, MLH 1, MLH3, etc. have been previously demonstrated to produce a dominant negative mutator phenotype in yeast hosts (Shcherbakova, P. V., Hall, M. C., Lewis, M. S., Bennett, S. E., Martin, K. J., Bushel, P. R., Afshari, C. A., and Kunkel, T. A. Mol. Cell Biol. 21(3):940-951; Studamire B, Quach T, Alani, E. 1998. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh2p and Msh6p ATPase activities are both required during mismatch repair. Mol Cell Biol 18:7590-7601; Alani E, Sokolsky T, Studamire B, Miret J J, Lahue R S. 1997. Genetic and biochemical analysis of Msh2p-Msh6p: role of ATP hydrolysis and Msh2p-Msh6p subunit interactions in mismatch base pair recognition. Mol Cell Biol 17:2436-2447; Lipkin S M, Wang V, Jacoby R, Banerjee-Basu S, Baxevanis A D, Lynch H T, Elliott R M, and Collins F S. 2000. MLH3: a DNA mismatch repair gene associated with mammalian microsatellite instability. Nat Genet 24:27-35). In addition, the use of yeast strains expressing prokaryotic dominant negative MMR genes as well as hosts that have genomic defects in endogenous MMR proteins have also been previously shown to result in a dominant negative mutator phenotype (Evans, E., Sugawara, N., Haber, J. E., and Alani, E. Mol. Cell. 5(5):789-799, 2000; Aronshtam A, Marinus M G. 1996. Dominant negative mutator mutations in the mutL gene of Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res 24:2498-2504; Wu T H, Marinus M G. 1994. Dominant negative mutator mutations in the mutS gene of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 176:5393-400; Brosh R M Jr, Matson S W. 1995. Mutations in motif II of Escherichia coli DNA helicase II render the enzyme nonfunctional in both mismatch repair and excision repair with differential effects on the unwinding reaction. J Bacteriol 177:5612-5621). However, the findings disclosed here teach the use of MMR genes, including the human PMSR2 gene (Nicolaides, N. C., Carter, K. C., Shell, B. K., Papadopoulos, N., Vogelstein, B., and Kinzler, K. W. 1995. Genomic organization of the human PMS2 gene family. Genomics 30:195-206), the related PMS134 truncated MMR gene (Nicolaides N. C., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. 1995. Analysis of the 5′ region of PMS2 reveals heterogenous transcripts and a novel overlapping gene. Genomics 29:329-334), the plant mismatch repair genes (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/749,601) and those genes that are homologous to the 134 N-terminal amino acids of the PMS2 gene to create hypermutable yeast.

[0039] DNA mutagens can be used in combination with MMR defective yeast hosts to enhance the hypermutable production of genetic alterations. This further reduces MMR activity and is useful for generation of microorganisms with commercially relevant output traits.

[0040] The ability to create hypermutable organisms using dominant negative alleles can be used to generate innovative yeast strains that display new output features useful for a variety of applications, including but not limited to the manufacturing industry, for the generation of new biochemicals, for detoxifying noxious chemicals, either by-products of manufacturing processes or those used as catalysts, as well as helping in remediation of toxins present in the environment, including but not limited to polychlorobenzenes (PCBs), heavy metals and other environmental hazards. Novel yeast strains can be selected for enhanced activity to either produce increased quantity or quality of a protein or non-protein therapeutic molecule by means of biotransformation. Biotransformation is the enzymatic conversion of one chemical intermediate to the next intermediate or product in a pathway or scheme by a microbe or an extract derived from the microbe. There are many examples of biotransformation in use for the commercial manufacturing of important biological and chemical products, including penicillin G, erythromycin, and clavulanic acid. Organisms that are efficient at conversion of “raw” materials to advanced intermediates and/or final products also can perform biotransformation (Berry, A. Trends Biotechnol. 14(7):250-256). The ability to control DNA hypermutability in host yeast strains using a dominant negative MMR (as described above) allows for the generation of variant subtypes that can be selected for new phenotypes of commercial interest, including but not limited to organisms that are toxin-resistant, have the capacity to degrade a toxin in situ or the ability to convert a molecule from an intermediate to either an advanced intermediate or a final product. Other applications using dominant negative MMR genes to produce genetic alteration of yeast hosts for new output traits include but are not limited to recombinant production strains that produce higher quantities of a recombinant polypeptide as well as the use of altered endogenous genes that can transform chemical or catalyze manufacturing downstream processes. A regulatable dominant negative MMR phenotype can be used to produce a yeast strain with a commercially beneficial output trait. Using this process, single-celled yeast cells expressing a dominant negative MMR can be directly selected for the phenotype of interest. Once a selected yeast with a specified output trait is isolated, the hypermutable activity of the dominant negative MMR allele can be turned-off by several methods well known to those skilled in the art. For example, if the dominant-negative allele is expressed by an inducible promoter system, the inducer can be removed or depleted. Sych systems include but are not limited to promoters such as: lactose inducibleGALi-GAL10 promoter (M. Johnston and R. W. Davis, Mol. Cell Biol. 4:1440, 1984); the phosphate inducible PHO5 promoter (A. Miyanohara, A. Toh-e, C. Nosaki, F. Nosaki, F. Hamada, N. Ohtomo, and K. Matsubara. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:1, 1983); the alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADH) and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoters, that are considered to be constitutive but can be repressed/de-repressed when yeast cells are grown in non-fermentable carbon sources such as but not limited to lactate (G. Ammerer, Methods in Enzymology 194:192, 1991; J. Mellor, M. J. Dobson, N. A. Roberts, M. F. Tuite, J. S. Emtage, S. White, D. A. Lowe, T. Patel, A. J. Kingsman, and S. M. Kingsman, Gene 24:563, 1982); S. Hahn and L. Guarente, Science 240:317, 1988); Alcohol oxidase (AOX) in Pichia pastoris (Tschopp, J F, Brust, P F, Cregg, J M, Stillman, C A, and Gingeras, T R. Nucleic Acids Res. 15(9):3859-76, 1987; and the thiamine repressible expression promoter nmtl in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Moreno, M B, Duran, A., and Ribas, J C. Yeast 16(9):861-72, 2000). Yeast cells can be transformed by any means known to those skilled in the art, including chemical transformation with LiCl (Mount, R. C., Jordan, B. E., and Hadfield, C. Methods Mol. Biol. 53:139-145,1996) and electroporation (Thompson, J R, Register, E., Curotto, J., Kurtz, M. and Kelly, R. Yeast 14(6):565-71, 1998). Yeast cells that have been transformed with DNA can be selected for growth by a variety of methods, including but not restricted to selectable markers (URA3; Rose, M., Grisafi, P., and Botstein, D. Gene 29:113, 1984; LEU2; A. Andreadis, Y., Hsu, M., Hermodson, G., Kohlhaw, and P. Schimmel. J. Biol. Chem. 259:8059, 1984; ARG4; G. Tschumper and J. Carbon. Gene 10:157, 1980; and HIS3; K. Struhl, D. T. Stinchcomb, S., Scherer, and R. W. Davis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:1035, 1979) and drugs that inhibit growth of yeast cells (tunicamycin, TUN; S. Hahn, J., Pinkham, R. Wei, R., Miller, and L. Guarente. Mol. Cell Biol. 8:655, 1988). Recombinant DNA can be introduced into yeast as described above and the yeast vectors can be harbored within the yeast cell either extra-chromosomally or integrated into a specific locus. Extra-chromosomal based yeast expression vectors can be either high copy based (such as the 2-μm vector Yep13; A. B. Rose and J. R. Broach, Methods in Enzymology 185:234, 1991), low copy centromeric vectors that contain autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) such as YRp7 (M. Fitzgerald-Hayes, L. Clarke, and J. Carbon, Cell 29:235, 1982) and well as integration vectors that permit the gene of interest to be introduced into specified locus within the host genome and propagated in a stable manner (R. J. Rothstein, Methods in Enzymology 101:202, 1991). Ectopic expression of MMR genes in yeast can be attenuated or completely eliminated at will by a variety of methods, including but not limited to removal from the medium of the specific chemical inducer (e.g deplete galactose that drives expression of the GAL10 promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or methanol that drives expression of the AOX I promoter in Pichia pastoris), extra-chromosomally replicating plasmids can be “cured” of expression plasmid by growth of cells under non-selective conditions (e.g. YEp13 harboring cells can be propagated in the presence of leucine,) and cells that have genes inserted into the genome can be grown with chemicals that force the inserted locus to “loop-out” (e.g., integrants that have URA3 can be selected for loss of the inserted gene by growth of integrants on 5-fluoro-orotic acid (J. D. Boeke, F. LaCroute and G. R. Fink. Mol. Gen. Genet. 197:345-346,1984). Whether by withdrawal of inducer or treatment of yeast cells with chemicals, removal of MMR expression results in the re-establishment of a genetically stable yeast cell-line. Thereafter, the lack of mutant MMR allows the endogenous, wild type MMR activity in the host cell to function normally to repair DNA. The newly generated mutant yeast strains that exhibit novel, selected output traits are suitable for a wide range of commercial processes or for gene/protein discovery to identify new biomolecules that are involved in generating a particular output trait. While it has been documented that MMR deficiency can lead to as much as a 1000-fold increase in the endogenous DNA mutation rate of a host, there is no assurance that MMR deficiency alone will be sufficient to alter every gene within the DNA of the host bacterium to create altered biochemicals with new activity(s). Therefore, the use of chemical mutagens and their respective analogues such as ethidium bromide, EMS, MNNG, MNU, Tamoxifen, 8-Hydroxyguanine, as well as others such as those taught in: Khromov-Borisov, N. N., et. al. (Mutat. Res. 430:55-74, 1999); Ohe, T., et. al. (Mutat. Res. 429:189-199, 1999); Hour, T. C. et. al. (Food Chem. Toxicol. 37:569-579, 1999); Hrelia, P., et. al. (Chem. Biol. Interact. 118:99-111, 1999); Garganta, F., et. al. (Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 33:75-85, 1999); Ukawa-Ishikawa S., et. al. (Mutat. Res. 412:99-107, 1998); www.ehs.utah.edu/ohh/mutagens, etc. can be used to further enhance the spectrum of mutations and increase the likelihood of obtaining alterations in one or more genes that can in turn generate host yeast with a desired new output trait(s). Mismatch repair deficiency leads to hosts with an increased resistance to toxicity by chemicals with DNA damaging activity. This feature allows for the creation of additional genetically diverse hosts when mismatch defective yeast are exposed to such agents, which would be otherwise impossible due to the toxic effects of such chemical mutagens [Colella, G., et. al. (Br. J. Cancer 80:338-343, 1999); Moreland, N. J., et. al. (Cancer Res. 59:2102-2106, 1999); Humbert, O., et. al. (Carcinogenesis 20:205-214, 1999); Glaab, W. E., et. al. (Mutat. Res. 398:197-207, 1998)]. Moreover, mismatch repair is responsible for repairing chemically-induced DNA adducts, therefore blocking this process could theoretically increase the number, types, mutation rate and genomic alterations of a yeastl [Rasmussen, L. J. et. al. (Carcinogenesis 17:2085-2088, 1996); Sledziewska-Gojska, E., et. al. (Mutat. Res. 383:31-37, 1997); and Janion, C. et. al. (Mutat. Res. 210:15-22, 1989)]. In addition to the chemicals listed above, other types of DNA mutagens include ionizing radiation and UV-irradiation, which is known to cause DNA mutagenesis in yeast, can also be used to potentially enhance this process (Lee C C, Lin H K, Lin J K. 1994. A reverse mutagenicity assay for alkylating agents based on a point mutation in the beta-lactamase gene at the active site serine codon. Mutagenesis 9:401-405; Vidal A, Abril N, Pueyo C. 1995. DNA repair by Ogt alkyltransferase influences EMS mutational specificity. Carcinogenesis 16:817-821). These agents, which are extremely toxic to host cells and therefore result in a decrease in the actual pool size of altered yeast cells are more tolerated in MMR defective hosts and in turn permit an enriched spectrum and degree of genomic mutagenesis.

[0041] The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific examples that will be provided herein for purposes of illustration only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generation of Inducible MMR Dominant Negative Allele Vectors and Yeast Cells Harboring the Expression Vectors

[0042] Yeast expression constructs were prepared to determine if the human PMS2 related gene (hPMSR2) (Nicolaides et al. Genomics 30(2): 195-206) and the human PMS 134 gene (Nicolaides N C, Littman S J, Modrich P, Kinzler K W, Vogelstein B 1998. A naturally occurring hPMS2 mutation can confer a dominant negative mutator phenotype. Mol Cell Biol 18:1635-1641) are capable of inactivating the yeast MMR activity and thereby increase the overall frequency of genomic hypermutation, a consequence of which is the generation of variant sib cells with novel output traits following host selection. For these studies, a plasmid encoding the hPMS 134 cDNA was altered by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The 5′ oligonucleotide has the following structure: 5′-ACG CAT ATG GAG CGA GCT GAG AGC TCG AGT-3′ that includes the NdeI restriction site CAT ATG. The 3′-oligonucleotide has the following structure: 5′-GAA TTC TTA TCA CGT AGA ATC GAG ACC GAG GAG AGG GTT AGG GAT AGG CTT ACC AGT TCC AAC CTT CGC CGA TGC-3′ that includes an EcoRI site GAA TTC and the 14 amino acid epitope for the V5 antibody. The oligonucleotides were used for PCR under standard conditions that included 25 cycles of PCR (95° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, 72° C. for 1.5 minutes for 25 cycles followed by 3 minutes at 72° C.). The PCR fragment was purified by gel electrophoresis and cloned into pTA2.1 (Invitrogen) by standard cloning methods (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, 2001), creating the plasmid pTA2.1-hPMS 134. pTA2.1-hPMS 134 was digested with the restriction enzyme EcoRI to release the insert which was cloned into EcoRI restriction site of pPIC3.5K (Invitrogen). The following strategy, similar to that described above to clone human PMS134, was used to construct an expression vector for the human related gene PMSR2. First, the hPMSR2 fragment was amplified by PCR to introduce two restriction sites, an NdeI restriction site at the 5′-end and an Eco RI site at the 3′-end of the fragment. The 5′-oligonucleotide that was used for PCR has the following structure: 5′-ACG CAT ATG TGT CCT TGG CGG CCT AGA-3′ that includes the NdeI restriction site CAT ATG. The 3′-oligonucleotide used for PCR has the following structure: 5′-GAA TTC TTA TTA CGT AGA ATC GAG ACC GAG GAG AGG GTT AGG GAT AGG CTT ACC CAT GTG TGA TGT TTC AGA GCT-3′ that includes an EcoRI site GAA TTC and the V5 epitope to allow for antibody detection. The plasmid that contained human PMSR3 in pBluescript SK (Nicolaides et al. Genomics 30 (2):195-206,1995) was used as the PCR target with the hPMS2-specific oligonucleotides above. Following 25 cycles of PCR (95° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, 72° C. for 1.5 minutes for 25 cycles followed by 3 minutes at 72° C.). The PCR fragment was purified by gel electrophoresis and cloned into pTA2.1 (Invitrogen) by standard cloning methods (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, 2001), creating the plasmid pTA2.1-hR2. pTA2.1-hR2 was next digested with the restriction enzyme EcoRI to release the insert (there are two EcoRI restriction sites in the multiple cloning site of pTA2.1 that flank the insert) and the inserted into the yeast expression vector pPIC3.5K (Invitrogen).

[0043]Pichia pastoris yeast cells were transformed with pPIC3.5K vector, pPIC3.5K-pmsl34, and pPIC3.5K-hR2 as follows. First, 5 ml of YPD (1% yeast extract, 2% bacto-peptone, 1% dextrose) medium was inoculated with a single colony from a YPD plate (same as YPD liquid but add 2% difco-agar to plate) and incubated with shaking overnight at 30° C. The overnight culture was used to inoculate 500 ml of YPD medium (200 ul of overnight culture) and the culture incubated at 30° C. until the optical density at 600 nm reached 1.3 to 1.5. The cells were then spun down (4000×g for 10 minutes), and then washed 2 times in sterile water (one volume each time), then the cells suspended in 20 ml of 1M sorbitol. The sorbitol/cell suspension was spun down (4,000×g for 10 minutes) and suspended in 1 ml of 1M sorbitol. 80 ul of the cell suspension was mixed with 5 to 10 ug of linearized plasmid DNA and placed in a 0.2 cm cuvette, pulsed length 5 to 10 milliseconds at field strength of 7,500V/cm. Next, the cells are diluted in 1 ml of 1M sorbitol and transferred to a 15 ml tube and incubated at 30° C. for 1 to 2 hours without shaking. Next, the cells are spun out (4,000×G for 10 minutes) and suspended in 100 ul of sterile water, and 50 ul/plate spread onto the appropriate selective medium plate. The plates are incubated for 2 to 3 days at 30° C. and colonies patched out onto YPD plates for further testing.

Example 2 Generation of Hypermutable Yeast with Inducible Dominant Negative Alleles of Mismatch Repair Genes

[0044] Yeast clones expressing human PMS2 homologue PMS-R2 or empty vector were grown in BMG (100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.0, 1.34% YNB (yeast nitrogen base), 4×10-5% biotin, 1% glycerol) liquid culture for 24 hr at 30° C. The next day, cultures were diluted 1:100 in MM medium (1.34% YNB, 4×10-5% biotin, 0.5% methanol) and incubated at 30° C. with shaking. Cells were removed for mutant selection at 24 and 48 hours post methanol induction as described below (see EXAMPLE 3).

Example 3 Dominant Negative MMR Genes Can Produce New Genetic Variants and Commercially Viable Output Traits in Yeast

[0045] The ability to express MMR genes in yeast, as presented in example 2, demonstrate the ability to generate genetic alterations and new phenotypes in yeast expressing dominant negative MMR genes. In this example we teach the utility of this method to create eukaryotic strains with commercially relevant output traits.

[0046] Generation of Uracil Dependent Yeast Strain

[0047] One example of utility is the generation of a yeast strain that is mutant for a particular metabolic product, such as an amino acid or nucleotide. Engineering such a yeast strain will allow for recombinant manipulation of the yeast strain for the introduction of genes for scalable process of recombinant manufacturing. In order to demonstrate that MMR can be manipulated in yeast to generate mutants that lack the abilty to produce specific molecular building blocks, the following experiment was performed. Yeast cells that express a methanol inducible human PMS2 homologue, hPMS2-R2 (as described in example 1 above), were grown in BMY medium overnight then diluted 1:100 and transferred to MM medium, which results in activation of the AOX promoter and production of the hPMS2-R2 MMR gene that is resident within the yeast cell. Control cells were treated the same manner; these cells contain the pPIC3.5 vector in yeast and lack an insert. Cells were induced for 24 and 48 hours and then selected for uracil requiring mutations as follows. The cells were plated to 5-FOA medium (Boeke, J. D., LaCroute, F., and Fink, G. R. Mol. Gen. Genet. 197:345-345,1984). The plates are made as follows: (2× concentrate (filter sterilize): yeast nitrogen base 7 grams; 5-fluoro-orotic acid 1 gram; uracil 50 milligrams; glucose 20 grams; water to 500 ml; Add to 500 ml 4% agar (autoclaved) and pour plates. Cells are plated on 5-FOA plates (0, 24 and 48 hour time points) and incubated at 30° C. for between 3 and 5 days. Data from a typical experiment is shown in Table 1. No uracil requiring clones were observed in the un-induced or induced culture in yeast cells that harbor the “empty” vector whereas those cells that harbor the MMR gene hPMS2-R2 have clones that are capable of growth on the selection medium. Note that the un-induced culture of hPMS2-R2 does not have any colonies that are resistant to 5-FOA, demonstrating that the gene must be induced for the novel phenotype to be generated. It has been demonstrated that the mutagens (such as ethyl methyl sulfonate result in a low number of ura⁻ mutants and that the spontaneous mutation rate for generating this class of mutants is low (Boeke, J. D., LaCroute, F. and Fink, G. R. Mol. Gen. Genet. 197:345-346,1984). TABLE 1 Generation of uracil requiring mutant Pichia pastoris yeast cells. # Represents at 24 hour methanol induction and @ a 48 hour induction. For comparison a wild type yeast cell treated/un-treated is shown (Galli, A. and Schiestl, R.H. Mutat. Res. 429(1): 13-26, 1999). Frequency (ura⁻ Strain Seeded ura⁻ URA⁺ cells) Wt 100,000 0 ˜100,000 0 Empty 100,000 0 ˜100,000 0 pMOR^(ye-1#) 100,000 14 ˜100,000 1/7,142 pMOR^(ye2@) 100,000 123 ˜100,000 1/813 Wt 100,000 1-0.1 100,000 1/10^(5-6*) Mutagen 100,000 10 100,000 1/10,000

[0048] Generation of Heat-Resistant Producer Strains

[0049] One example of commercial utility is the generation of heat-resistant recombinant protein producer strains. In the scalable process of recombinant manufacturing, large-scale fermentation of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes results in the generation of excessive heat within the culture. This heat must be dissipated by physical means such as using cooling jackets that surround the culture while it is actively growing and producing product. Production of a yeast strain that can resist high temperature growth effectively would be advantageous for large-scale recombinant manufacturing processes. To this end, the yeast strain as described in EXAMPLE 2 can be grown in the presence of methanol to induce the dominant negative MMR gene and the cells grown for various times (e.g. 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours) then put on plates and incubated at elevated temperatures to select for mutants that resist high temperature growth (e.g. 37° C. or 42° C.). These strains would be useful for fermentation development and scale-up of processes and should result in a decrease in manufacturing costs due to the need to cool the fermentation less often.

[0050] Generation of High Recombinant Protein Producer Strains and Strains with Less Endogenous Protease Activity

[0051] Yeast is a valuable recombinant-manufacturing organism since it is a single celled organism that is inexpensive to grow and easily lends itself to fermentation at scale. Further more, many eukaryotic proteins that are incapable of folding effectively when expressed in Escherichia coli systems fold with the proper conformation in yeast and are structurally identical to their mammalian counterparts. There are several inherent limitations of many proteins that are expressed in yeast including over and/or inappropriate glycosylation of the recombinant protein, proteolysis by endogenous yeast enzymes and insufficient secretion of recombinant protein from the inside of the yeast cell to the medium (which facilitates purification). To generate yeast cells that with this ability to over-secrete proteins, or with less endogenous protease activity and or less hyper-glycosylation activity yeast cells as described in example 1 can be grown with methanol for 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours and yeast cells selected for the ability to over-secrete the protein or interest, under-glycosylate it or a cell with attenuated of no protease activity. Such a strain will be useful for recombinant manufacturing or other commercial purposes and can be combined with the heat resistant strain outlined above. For example, a mutant yeast cell that is resistant to high temperature growth and can secrete large amounts of protein into the medium would result.

[0052] Similar results were observed with other dominant negative mutants such as the PMSR2, PMSR3, and the human MLH1 proteins.

Example 4 Mutations Generated in the Host Genome of Yeast by Defective MMR are Genetically Stable

[0053] As described in example 3 manipulation of the MMR pathway in yeast results in alterations within the host genome and the ability to select for a novel output traits, for example the ability of a yeast cell to require a specific nutrient. It is important that the mutations introduced by the MMR pathway is genetically stable and passed to daughter cells reproducibly once the wild type MMR pathway is re-established. To determine the genetic stability of mutations introduced into the yeast genome the following experiment was performed. Five independent colonies from pPIC3.5K-hPMS2-R2 that are ura⁻, five wild type control cells (URA⁺) and five pPIC3.5K transformed cells (“empty vector”) were grown overnight from an isolated colony in 5 ml of YPD (1% yeast extract, 2% bacto-peptone and 1% dextrose) at 30° C. with shaking. The YPD medium contains all the nutrients necessary for yeast to grow, including uracil. Next, 1 μL of the overnight culture, which was at an optical density (OD) as measured at 600 nM of >3.0, was diluted to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.01 in YPD and the culture incubated with shaking at 30° C. for an additional 24 hours. This process was repeated 3 more times for a total of 5 overnight incubations. This is the equivalent of greater than 100 generations of doublings (from the initial colony on the plate to the end of the last overnight incubation. Cells (five independent colonies that are ura⁻ and five that were wild type were then plated onto YPD plates at a cell density of 300 to 1,000 cells/plate and incubated for two days at 30° C. The cells from these plates were replica plated to the following plates and scored for growth following three days incubation at 30° C.; Synthetic Complete (SC) SC-ura (1.34% yeast nitrogen base and ammonium sulfate; 4×10⁻⁵% biotin; supplemented with all amino acids, NO supplemental uracil; 2% dextrose and 2% agar); SC+URA (same as SC-ura but supplement plate with 50 mg uracil/liter medium), and YPD plates. They were replica plated in the following order-SC-ura, SC complete, YPD. If the novel output trait that is resident within the yeast genome that was generated by expression of the mutant MMR (in this example the human homologue of PMS2, hPMS2-R2) is unstable, the uracil dependent cells should “revert” back a uracil independent phenotype. If the phenotype is stable, growth of the mutant cells under non-selective conditions should result in yeast cells that maintain their viability dependence on exogenous supplementation with uracil. As can be seen in the data presented in Table 2, the uracil dependent phenotype is stable when the yeast cells are grown under non-selective conditions, demonstrating that the MMR-generated phenotype derived from mutation in one of the uracil biosynthetic pathway genes is stable genetically. Strain Seeded −ura +URA YPD Wt 650 650 650 650 Empty 560 560 560 560 pMOR^(ye-1#) 730 0 730 730

[0054] These data demonstrate the utility of employing an inducible expression system and a dominant negative MMR gene in a eukaryotic system to generate genetically altered strains. The strain developed in this example, a yeast strain that now requires addition of uracil for growth, is potentially useful as a strain for recombinant manufacturing; by constructing an expression vector that harbors the wild type URA3 gene on either an integration plasmid or an extra-chromosomal vector it is now possible to transform and create novel cells expressing the a protein of interest. It is also possible to modify other resident genes in yeast cells and select for mutations in genes that that give other useful phenotypes, such as the ability to carry out a novel bio-transformation. Furthermore, it is possible to express a gene extra-chromosomally in a yeast cell that has altered MMR activity as described above and select for mutations in the extra-chromosomal gene. Therefore, in a similar manner to that described above the mutant yeast cell can be put under specific selective pressure and a novel protein with commercially important biochemical attributes selected. These examples are meant only as illustrations and are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention. Finally, as described above once a mutation has been introduced into the gene of interest the MMR activity is attenuated of completely abolished. The result is a yeast cell that harbors a stable mutation in the target gene(s) of interest.

Example 5 Enhanced Generation of MMR-Defective Yeast and Chemical Mutagens for the Generation of New Output Traits

[0055] It has been previously documented that MMR deficiency yields to increased mutation frequency and increased resistance to toxic effects of chemical mutagens (CM) and their respective analogues such as but not limited to those as: ethidium bromide, EMS, MNNG, MNU, Tamoxifen, 8-Hydroxyguanine, as well as others listed but not limited to in publications by: Khromov-Borisov, N. N., et. al. Mutat. Res. 430:55-74, 1999; Ohe, T., et. al. (Mutat. Res. 429:189-199, 1999; Hour, T. C. et. al. Food Chem. Toxicol. 37:569-579, 1999; Hrelia, P., et. al. Chem. Biol. Interact. 118:99-111, 1999; Garganta, F., et. al. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 33:75-85, 1999; Ukawa-Ishikawa S., et. al. Mutat. Res. 412:99-107, 1998; www.ehs.utah.edu/ohh/mutagens; Marcelino L A, Andre P C, Khrapko K, Coller H A, Griffith J, Thilly W G. Chemically induced mutations in mitochondrial DNA of human cells: mutational spectrum of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Cancer Res 1998 Jul. 1;58(13):2857-62; Koi M, Umar A, Chauhan D P, Cherian S P, Carethers J M, Kunkel T A, Boland C R. Human chromosome 3 corrects mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability and reduces N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine tolerance in colon tumor cells with homozygous hMLH1 mutation. Can res 1994 54:4308-4312,1994. Mismatch repair provokes chromosome aberrations in hamster cells treated with methylating agents or 6-thioguanine, but not with ethylating agents. To demonstrate the ability of CMs to increase the mutation frequency in MMR defective yeast cells, we would predict that exposure of yeast cells to CMs in the presence or absence of methanol (which induces the expression of the resident human homologue to PMS2, hPMS2-R2) will result in an augmentation of mutations within the yeast cell.

[0056] Yeast cells that express hPMS2-R2 (induced or un-induced) and empty vector control cells are grown as described in examples 2 and 3) and for 24 hours and diluted into MM medium as described above. Next, the cells in MM are incubated either with or without increasing amounts of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) from 0, 1, 10, 50, 100, and 200 μM. 10 μL aliquots of culture (diluted in 300 μl MM) and incubated for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes followed by plating cells onto 5-FOA plates as described in example 3 above. Mutants are selected and scored as above. We would predict that there will be an increase in the frequency of ura⁻ mutants in the PMS2-R2 cultures that are induced with methanol as compared to the uninduced parental or wild type strain. In a further extension of this example, human PMS2-R2 harboring cells will be induced for 24 and 48 hours then mutagenized with EMS. This will allow the MMR gene to be fully active and expressed at high levels, thereby resulting in an increase in the number of ura⁻ mutants obtained. We would predict that there will be no change in the number of ura⁻ mutants obtained in the un-induced parental control or the wild type “empty vector” cells.

[0057] This example demonstrates the use of employing a regulated dominant negative MMR system plus chemical mutagens to produce enhanced numbers of genetically altered yeast strains that can be selected for new output traits. This method is useful for generating such organisms for commercial applications such as but not limited to recombinant manufacturing, biotransformation, and altered biochemicals with enhanced activities. It is also useful to obtain alterations of protein activity from ectopically expressed proteins harbored on extra-chromosomal expression vectors similar to those described in example 4 above.

Example 6 Alternative Methods to Inhibition of Yeast MMR Activity

[0058] The inhibition of MMR activity in a host organism can be achieved by introducing a dominant negative allele as shown in the examples above. This application also teaches us the use of using regulated systems to control MMR in yeast to generate genetic diversity and output traits for commercial applications. Additional methods to regulate the suppression of MMR activity of a host are by using genetic recombination to knock out alleles of a MMR gene within the cell of interest. This can be accomplished by use of homologous recombination that disrupts the endogenous MMR gene; 2) blocking MMR protein dimerization with other subunits (which is required for activity) by the introduction of polypeptides or antibodies into the host via transfection methods routinely used by those skilled in the art (e.g. electroporation); or 3) decreasing the expression of a MMR gene using anti-sense oligonucleotides.

[0059] MMR gene knockouts. We intend to generate disrupted targeting vectors of a particular MMR gene and introduce it into the genome of yeast using methods standard in the art. Yeast exhibiting hypermutability will be useful to produce genetically diverse offspring for commercial applications. Yeast will be confirmed to have lost the expression of the MMR gene using standard northern and biochemical techniques (as described in reference 31). MMR gene loci can be knocked out, strains selected for new output traits and MMR restored by introducing a wild type MMR gene to complement the KO locus. Other strategies include using KO vectors that can target a MMR gene locus, select for host output traits and then have the KO vector “spliced” from the genome after strain generation.

[0060] Blocking peptides. MMR subunits (MutS and MutL proteins) interact to form active MMR complexes. Peptides are able to specifically inhibit the binding of two proteins by competitive inhibition. Introduction into cells of peptides or antibodies to conserved domains of a particular MMR gene to disrupt activity is straightforward to those skilled in the art. Yeast will be verified for loss of expression of the MMR activity by standard northern and/or biochemical techniques (as described in Nicolaides N C, Littman S J, Modrich P, Kinzler K W, Vogelstein B 1998. A naturally occurring hPMS2 mutation can confer a dominant negative mutator phenotype. Mol Cell Biol 18:1635-1641). Yeast exhibiting hypermutability will be useful to produce genetically diverse sibs for commercial applications.

[0061] Discussion

[0062] The results described above will lead to several conclusions. First, expression of dominant negative MMR proteins results in an increase in microsatellite instability and hypermutability in yeast. The hypermutability of the yeast cell is due to the inhibition of the resident, endogenous MMR biochemical activity in these hosts. This method provides a claim for use of MMR genes and their encoded products for the creation of hypermutable yeast to produce new output traits for commercial applications.

[0063] Examples of MMR Genes and Encoded Polypeptides Yeast MLH1 cDNA (accession number U07187) 1 aaataggaat gtgatacctt ctattgcatg caaagatagt gtaggaggcg ctgctattgc 61 caaagacttt tgagaccgct tgctgtttca ttatagttga ggagttctcg aagacgagaa 121 attagcagtt ttcggtgttt agtaatcgcg ctagcatgct aggacaattt aactgcaaaa 181 ttttgatacg atagtgatag taaatggaag gtaaaaataa catagaccta tcaataagca 241 atgtctctca gaataaaagc acttgatgca tcagtggtta acaaaattgc tgcaggtgag 301 atcataatat cccccgtaaa tgctctcaaa gaaatgatgg agaattccat cgatgcgaat 361 gctacaatga ttgatattct agtcaaggaa ggaggaatta aggtacttca aataacagat 421 aacggatctg gaattaataa agcagacctg ccaatcttat gtgagcgatt cacgacgtcc 481 aaattacaaa aattcgaaga tttgagtcag attcaaacgt atggattccg aggagaagct 541 ttagccagta tctcacatgt ggcaagagtc acagtaacga caaaagttaa agaagacaga 601 tgtgcatgga gagtttcata tgcagaaggt aagatgttgg aaagccccaa acctgttgct 661 ggaaaagacg gtaccacgat cctagttgaa gacctttttt tcaatattcc ttctagatta 721 agggccttga ggtcccataa tgatgaatac tctaaaatat tagatgttgt cgggcgatac 781 gccattcatt ccaaggacat tggcttttct tgtaaaaagt tcggagactc taattattct 841 ttatcagtta aaccttcata tacagtccag gataggatta ggactgtgtt caataaatct 901 gtggcttcga atttaattac ttttcatatc agcaaagtag aagatttaaa cctggaaagc 961 gttgatggaa aggtgtgtaa tttgaatttc atatccaaaa agtccatttc attaattttt 1021 ttcattaata atagactagt gacatgtgat cttctaagaa gagctttgaa cagcgtttac 1081 tccaattatc tgccaaaggg cttcagacct tttatttatt tgggaattgt tatagatccg 1141 gcggctgttg atgttaacgt tcacccgaca aagagagagg ttcgtttcct gagccaagat 1201 gagatcatag agaaaatcgc caatcaattg cacgccgaat tatctgccat tgatacttca 1261 cgtactttca aggcttcttc aatttcaaca aacaagccag agtcattgat accatttaat 1321 gacaccatag aaagtgatag gaataggaag agtctccgac aagcccaagt ggtagagaat 1381 tcatatacga cagccaatag tcaactaagg aaagcgaaaa gacaagagaa taaactagtc 1441 agaatagatg cttcacaagc taaaattacg tcatttttat cctcaagtca acagttcaac 1501 tttgaaggat cgtctacaaa gcgacaactg agtgaaccca aggtaacaaa tgtaagccac 1561 tcccaagagg cagaaaagct gacactaaat gaaagcgaac aaccgcgtga tgccaataca 1621 atcaatgata atgacttgaa ggatcaacct aagaagaaac aaaagttggg ggattataaa 1681 gttccaagca ttgccgatga cgaaaagaat gcactcccga tttcaaaaga cgggtatatt 1741 agagtaccta aggagcgagt taatgttaat cttacgagta tcaagaaatt gcgtgaaaaa 1801 gtagatgatt cgatacatcg agaactaaca gacatttttg caaatttgaa ttacgttggg 1861 gttgtagatg aggaaagaag attagccgct attcagcatg acttaaagct ttttttaata 1921 gattacggat ctgtgtgcta tgagctattc tatcagattg gtttgacaga cttcgcaaac 1981 tttggtaaga taaacctaca gagtacaaat gtgtcagatg atatagtttt gtataatctc 2041 ctatcagaat ttgacgagtt aaatgacgat gcttccaaag aaaaaataat tagtaaaata 2101 tgggacatga gcagtatgct aaatgagtac tattccatag aattggtgaa tgatggtcta 2161 gataatgact taaagtctgt gaagctaaaa tctctaccac tacttttaaa aggctacatt 2221 ccatctctgg tcaagttacc attttttata tatcgcctgg gtaaagaagt tgattgggag 2281 gatgaacaag agtgtctaga tggtatttta agagagattg cattactcta tatacctgat 2341 atggttccga aagtcgatac actcgatgca tcgttgtcag aagacgaaaa agcccagttt 2401 ataaatagaa aggaacacat atcctcatta ctagaacacg ttctcttccc ttgtatcaaa 2461 cgaaggttcc tggcccctag acacattctc aaggatgtcg tggaaatagc caaccttcca 2521 gatctataca aagtttttga gaggtgttaa ctttaaaacg ttttggctgt aataccaaag 2581 tttttgttta tttcctgagt gtgattgtgt ttcatttgaa agtgtatgcc ctttccttta 2641 acgattcatc cgcgagattt caaaggatat gaaatatggt tgcagttagg aaagtatgtc 2701 agaaatgtat attcggattg aaactcttct aatagttctg aagtcacttg gttccgtatt 2761 gttttcgtcc tcttcctcaa gcaacgattc ttgtctaagc ttattcaacg gtaccaaaga 2821 cccgagtcct tttatgagag aaaacatttc atcatttttc aactcaatta tcttaatatc 2881 attttgtagt attttgaaaa caggatggta aaacgaatca cctgaatcta gaagctgtac 2941 cttgtcccat aaaagtttta atttactgag cctttcggtc aagtaaacta gtttatctag 3001 ttttgaaccg aatattgtgg gcagatttgc agtaagttca gttagatcta ctaaaagttg 3061 tttgacagca gccgattcca caaaaatttg gtaaaaggag atgaaagaga cctcgcgcgt 3121 aatggtttgc atcaccatcg gatgtctgtt gaaaaactca ctttttgcat ggaagttatt 3181 aacaataaga ctaatgatta ccttagaata atgtataa Yeast MLH1 protein (accession number U07187) MSLRIKALDASVVNKIAAGEIIISPVNALKEMMENSIDANATMI DILVKEGGIKVLQITDNGSGINKADLPILCERFTTSKLQKFEDLSQIQTYGFRGEALA SISHVARVTVTTKVKEDRCAWRVSYAEGKMLESPKPVAGKDGTTILVEDLFFNIPSRL RALRSHNDEYSKILDVVGRYAIHSKDIGFSCKKFGDSNYSLSVKPSYTVQDRIRTVFN KSVASNLITFHISKVEDLNLESVDGKVCNLNFISKKSISLIFFINNRLVTCDLLRRAL NSVYSNYLPKGFRPFIYLGIVIDPAAVDVNVHPTKREVRFLSQDEIIEKIANQLHAEL SAIDTSRTFKASSISTNKPESLIPFNDTIESDRNRKSLRQAQVVENSYTTANSQLRKA KRQENKLVRIDASQAKITSFLSSSQQFNFEGSSTKRQLSEPKVTNVSHSQEAEKLTLN ESEQPRDANTINDNDLKDQPKKKQKLGDYKVPSIADDEKNALPISKDGYIRVPKERVN VNLTSIKKLREKVDDSIHRELTDIFANLNYVGVVDEERRLAAIQHDLKLFLIDYGSVC YELFYQIGLTDFANFGKINLQSTNVSDDIVLYNLLSEFDELNDDASKEKIISKIWDMS SMLNEYYSIELVNDGLDNDLKSVKLKSLPLLLKGYIPSLVKLPFFIYRLGKEVDWEDE QECLDGILREIALLYIPDMVPKVDTLDASLSEDEKAQFINRKEHISSLLEHVLFPCIK RRFLAPRHILKDVVEIANLPDLYKVFERC Mouse PMS2 protein MEQTEGVSTE CAKAIKPIDG KSVHQICSGQ VILSLSTAVK ELIENSVDAG ATTIDLRLKD 60 YGVDLIEVSD NGCGVEEENF EGLALKHHTS KIQEFADLTQ VETFGFRGEA LSSLCALSDV 120 TISTCHGSAS VGTRLVFDHN GKITQKTPYP RPKGTTVSVQ HLFYTLPVRY KEFQRNIKKE 180 YSKMVQVLQA YCIISAGVRV SCTNQLGQGK RHAVVCTSGT SGMKENIGSV FGQKQLQSLI 240 PFVQLPPSDA VCEEYGLSTS GRHKTFSTFR ASFHSARTAP GGVQQTGSFS SSIRGPVTQQ 300 RSLSLSMRFY HMYNRHQYPF VVLNVSVDSE CVDINVTPDK RQILLQEEKL LLAVLKTSLI 360 GMFDSDANKL NVNQQPLLDV EGNLVKLHTA ELEKPVPGKQ DNSPSLKSTA DEKRVASISR 420 LREAFSLHPT KEIKSRGPET AELTRSFPSE KRGVLSSYPS DVISYRGLRG SQDKLVSPTD 480 SPGDCMDREK IEKDSGLSST SAGSEEEFST PEVASSFSSD YNVSSLEDRP SQETINCGDL 540 DCRPPGTGQS LKPEDHGYQC KALPLARLSP TNAKRFKTEE RPSNVNISQR LPGPQSTSAA 600 EVDVAIKMNK RIVLLEFSLS SLAKRMKQLQ HLKAQNKHEL SYRKFRAKIC PGENQAAEDE 660 LRKEISKSMF AEMEILGQFN LGFIVTKLKE DLFLVDQHAA DEKYNFEMLQ QHTVLQAQRL 720 ITPQTLNLTA VNEAVLIENL EIFRKNGFDF VIDEDAPVTE RAKLISLPTS KNWTFGPQDI 780 DELIFMLSDS PGVMCRPSRV RQMFASRACR KSVMIGTALN ASEMKKLITH MGEMDHPWNC 840 PHGRPTMRHV ANLDVISQN  859 Mouse PMS2 cDNA gaattccggt gaaggtcctg aagaatttcc agattcctga gtatcattgg aggagacaga 60 taacctgtcg tcaggtaacg atggtgtata tgcaacagaa atgggtgttc ctggagacgc 120 gtcttttccc gagagcggca ccgcaactct cccgcggtga ctgtgactgg aggagtcctg 180 catccatgga gcaaaccgaa ggcgtgagta cagaatgtgc taaggccatc aagcctattg 240 atgggaagtc agtccatcaa atttgttctg ggcaggtgat actcagttta agcaccgctg 300 tgaaggagtt gatagaaaat agtgtagatg ctggtgctac tactattgat ctaaggctta 360 aagactatgg ggtggacctc attgaagttt cagacaatgg atgtggggta gaagaagaaa 420 actttgaagg tctagctctg aaacatcaca catctaagat tcaagagttt gccgacctca 480 cgcaggttga aactttcggc tttcgggggg aagctctgag ctctctgtgt gcactaagtg 540 atgtcactat atctacctgc cacgggtctg caagcgttgg gactcgactg gtgtttgacc 600 ataatgggaa aatcacccag aaaactccct acccccgacc taaaggaacc acagtcagtg 660 tgcagcactt attttataca ctacccgtgc gttacaaaga gtttcagagg aacattaaaa 720 aggagtattc caaaatggtg caggtcttac aggcgtactg tatcatctca gcaggcgtcc 780 gtgtaagctg cactaatcag ctcggacagg ggaagcggca cgctgtggtg tgcacaagcg 840 gcacgtctgg catgaaggaa aatatcgggt ctgtgtttgg ccagaagcag ttgcaaagcc 900 tcattccttt tgttcagctg ccccctagtg acgctgtgtg tgaagagtac ggcctgagca 960 cttcaggacg ccacaaaacc ttttctacgt ttcgggcttc atttcacagt gcacgcacgg 1020 cgccgggagg agtgcaacag acaggcagtt tttcttcatc aatcagaggc cctgtgaccc 1080 agcaaaggtc tctaagcttg tcaatgaggt tttatcacat gtataaccgg catcagtacc 1140 catttgtcgt ccttaacgtt tccgttgact cagaatgtgt ggatattaat gtaactccag 1200 ataaaaggca aattctacta caagaagaga agctattgct ggccgtttta aagacctcct 1260 tgataggaat gtttgacagt gatgcaaaca agcttaatgt caaccagcag ccactgctag 1320 atgttgaagg taacttagta aagctgcata ctgcagaact agaaaagcct gtgccaggaa 1380 agcaagataa ctctccttca ctgaagagca cagcagacga gaaaagggta gcatccatct 1440 ccaggctgag agaggccttt tctcttcatc ctactaaaga gatcaagtct aggggtccag 1500 agactgctga actgacacgg agttttccaa gtgagaaaag gggcgtgtta tcctcttatc 1560 cttcagacgt catctcttac agaggcctcc gtggctcgca ggacaaattg gtgagtccca 1620 cggacagccc tggtgactgt atggacagag agaaaataga aaaagactca gggctcagca 1680 gcacctcagc tggctctgag gaagagttca gcaccccaga agtggccagt agctttagca 1740 gtgactataa cgtgagctcc ctagaagaca gaccttctca ggaaaccata aactgtggtg 1800 acctggactg ccgtcctcca ggtacaggac agtccttgaa gccagaagac catggatatc 1860 aatgcaaagc tctacctcta gctcgtctgt cacccacaaa tgccaagcgc ttcaagacag 1920 aggaaagacc ctcaaatgtc aacatttctc aaagattgcc tggtcctcag agcacctcag 1980 cagctgaggt cgatgtagcc ataaaaatga ataagagaat cgtgctcctc gagttctctc 2040 tgagttctct agctaagcga atgaagcagt tacagcacct aaaggcgcag aacaaacatg 2100 aactgagtta cagaaaattt agggccaaga tttgccctgg agaaaaccaa gcagcagaag 2160 atgaactcag aaaagagatt agtaaatcga tgtttgcaga gatggagatc ttgggtcagt 2220 ttaacctggg atttatagta accaaactga aagaggacct cttcctggtg gaccagcatg 2280 ctgcggatga gaagtacaac tttgagatgc tgcagcagca cacggtgctc caggcgcaga 2340 ggctcatcac accccagact ctgaacttaa ctgctgtcaa tgaagctgta ctgatagaaa 2400 atctggaaat attcagaaag aatggctttg actttgtcat tgatgaggat gctccagtca 2460 ctgaaagggc taaattgatt tccttaccaa ctagtaaaaa ctggaccttt ggaccccaag 2520 atatagatga actgatcttt atgttaagtg acagccctgg ggtcatgtgc cggccctcac 2580 gagtcagaca gatgtttgct tccagagcct gtcggaagtc agtgatgatt ggaacggcgc 2640 tcaatgcgag cgagatgaag aagctcatca cccacatggg tgagatggac cacccctgga 2700 actgccccca cggcaggcca accatgaggc acgttgccaa tctggatgtc atctctcaga 2760 actgacacac cccttgtagc atagagttta ttacagattg ttcggtttgc aaagagaagg 2820 ttttaagtaa tctgattatc gttgtacaaa aattagcatg ctgctttaat gtactggatc 2880 catttaaaag cagtgttaag gcaggcatga tggagtgttc ctctagctca gctacttggg 2940 tgatccggtg ggagctcatg tgagcccagg actttgagac cactccgagc cacattcatg 3000 agactcaatt caaggacaaa aaaaaaaaga tatttttgaa gccttttaaa aaaaaa 3056 human PMS2 protein MKQLPAATVR LLSSSQIITS VVSVVKELIE NSLDAGATSV DVKLENYGFD KIEVRDNGEG 60 IKAVDAPVMA MKYYTSKINS HEDLENLTTY GFRGEALGSI CCIAEVLITT RTAADNFSTQ 120 YVLDGSGHIL SQKPSHLGQG TTVTALRLFK NLPVRKQFYS TAKKCKDEIK KIQDLLMSFG 180 ILKPDLRIVF VHNKAVIWQK SRVSDHKMAL MSVLGTAVMN NMESFQYHSE ESQIYLSGFL 240 PKCDADHSFT SLSTPERSFI FINSRPVHQK DILKLIRHHY NLKCLKESTR LYPVFFLKID 300 VPTADVDVNL TPDKSQVLLQ NKESVLIALE NLMTTCYGPL PSTNSYENNK TDVSAADIVL 360 SKTAETDVLF NKVESSGKNY SNVDTSVIPF QNDMHNDESG KNTDDCLNHQ ISIGDFGYGH 420 CSSEISNIDK NTKNAFQDIS MSNVSWENSQ TEYSKTCFIS SVKHTQSENG NKDHIDESGE 480 NEEEAGLENS SEISADEWSR GNILKNSVGE NIEPVKILVP EKSLPCKVSN NNYPIPEQMN 540 LNEDSCNKKS NVIDNKSGKV TAYDLLSNRV IKKPMSASAL FVQDHRPQFL IENPKTSLED 600 ATLQIEELWK TLSEEEKLKY EEKATKDLER YNSQMKRAIE QESQMSLKDG RKKIKPTSAW 660 NLAQKHKLKT SLSNQPKLDE LLQSQIEKRR SQNIKMVQIP FSMKNLKINF KKQNKVDLEE 720 KDEPCLIHNL RFPDAWLMTS KTEVMLLNPY RVEEALLFKR LLENHKLPAE PLEKPIMLTE 780 SLFNGSHYLD VLYKMTADDQ RYSGSTYLSD PRLTANGFKI KLIPGVSITE NYLEIEGMAN 840 CLPFYGVADL KEILNAILNR NAKEVYECRP RKVISYLEGE AVRLSRQLPM YLSKEDIQDI 900 IYRNKHQFGN EIKECVHGRP FFHHLTYLPE TT  932 Human PMS2 cDNA cgaggcggat cgggtgttgc atccatggag cgagctgaga gctcgagtac agaacctgct 60 aaggccatca aacctattga tcggaagtca gtccatcaga tttgctctgg gcaggtggta 120 ctgagtctaa gcactgcggt aaaggagtta gtagaaaaca gtctggatgc tggtgccact 180 aatattgatc taaagcttaa ggactatgga gtggatctta ttgaagtttc agacaatgga 240 tgtggggtag aagaagaaaa cttcgaaggc ttaactctga aacatcacac atctaagatt 300 caagagtttg ccgacctaac tcaggttgaa acttttggct ttcgggggga agctctgagc 360 tcactttgtg cactgagcga tgtcaccatt tctacctgcc acgcatcggc gaaggttgga 420 actcgactga tgtttgatca caatgggaaa attatccaga aaacccccta cccccgcccc 480 agagggacca cagtcagcgt gcagcagtta ttttccacac tacctgtgcg ccataaggaa 540 tttcaaagga atattaagaa ggagtatgcc aaaatggtcc aggtcttaca tgcatactgt 600 atcatttcag caggcatccg tgtaagttgc accaatcagc ttggacaagg aaaacgacag 660 cctgtggtat gcacaggtgg aagccccagc ataaaggaaa atatcggctc tgtgtttggg 720 cagaagcagt tgcaaagcct cattcctttt gttcagctgc cccctagtga ctccgtgtgt 780 gaagagtacg gtttgagctg ttcggatgct ctgcataatc ttttttacat ctcaggtttc 840 atttcacaat gcacgcatgg agttggaagg agttcaacag acagacagtt tttctttatc 900 aaccggcggc cttgtgaccc agcaaaggtc tgcagactcg tgaatgaggt ctaccacatg 960 tataatcgac accagtatcc atttgttgtt cttaacattt ctgttgattc agaatgcgtt 1020 gatatcaatg ttactccaga taaaaggcaa attttgctac aagaggaaaa gcttttgttg 1080 gcagttttaa agacctcttt gataggaatg tttgatagtg atgtcaacaa gctaaatgtc 1140 agtcagcagc cactgctgga tgttgaaggt aacttaataa aaatgcatgc agcggatttg 1200 gaaaagccca tggtagaaaa gcaggatcaa tccccttcat taaggactgg agaagaaaaa 1260 aaagacgtgt ccatttccag actgcgagag gccttttctc ttcgtcacac aacagagaac 1320 aagcctcaca gcccaaagac tccagaacca agaaggagcc ctctaggaca gaaaaggggt 1380 atgctgtctt ctagcacttc aggtgccatc tctgacaaag gcgtcctgag acctcagaaa 1440 gaggcagtga gttccagtca cggacccagt gaccctacgg acagagcgga ggtggagaag 1500 gactcggggc acggcagcac ttccgtggat tctgaggggt tcagcatccc agacacgggc 1560 agtcactgca gcagcgagta tgcggccagc tccccagggg acaggggctc gcaggaacat 1620 gtggactctc aggagaaagc gcctgaaact gacgactctt tttcagatgt ggactgccat 1680 tcaaaccagg aagataccgg atgtaaattt cgagttttgc ctcagccaac taatctcgca 1740 accccaaaca caaagcgttt taaaaaagaa gaaattcttt ccagttctga catttgtcaa 1800 aagttagtaa atactcagga catgtcagcc tctcaggttg atgtagctgt gaaaattaat 1860 aagaaagttg tgcccctgga cttttctatg agttctttag ctaaacgaat aaagcagtta 1920 catcatgaag cacagcaaag tgaaggggaa cagaattaca ggaagtttag ggcaaagatt 1980 tgtcctggag aaaatcaagc agccgaagat gaactaagaa aagagataag taaaacgatc 2040 tttgcagaaa tggaaatcat tggtcagttt aacctgggat ttataataac caaactgaat 2100 gaggatatct tcatagtgga ccagcatgcc acggacgaga agtataactt cgagatgctg 2160 cagcagcaca ccgtgctcca ggggcagagg ctcatagcac ctcagactct caacttaact 2220 gctgttaatg aagctgttct gatagaaaat ctggaaatat ttagaaagaa tggctttgat 2280 tttgttatcg atgaaaatgc tccagtcact gaaagggcta aactgatttc cttgccaact 2340 agtaaaaact ggaccttcgg acoccaggac gtcgatgaac tgatcttcat gctgagcgac 2400 agccctgggg tcatgtgccg gccttcccga gtcaagcaga tgtttgcctc cagagcctgc 2460 cggaagtcgg tgatgattgg gactgctctt aacacaagcg agatgaagaa actgatcacc 2520 cacatggggg agatggacca cccctggaac tgtccccatg gaaggccaac catgagacac 2580 atcgccaacc tgggtgtcat ttctcagaac tgaccgtagt cactgtatgg aataattggt 2640 tttatcgcag atttttatgt tttgaaagac agagtcttca ctaacctttt ttgttttaaa 2700 atgaaacctg ctacttaaaa aaaatacaca tcacacccat ttaaaagtga tcttgagaac 2760 cttttcaaac c  2771 human PMS1 protein MKQLPAATVR LLSSSQIITS VVSVVKELIE NSLDAGATSV DVKLENYGFD KIEVRDNGEG 60 IKAVDAPVMA MKYYTSKINS HEDLENLTTY GFRGEALGSI CCIAEVLITT RTAADNFSTQ 120 YVLDGSGHIL SQKPSHLGQG TTVTALRLFK NLPVRKQFYS TAKKCKDEIK KIQDLLMSFG 180 ILKPDLRIVF VHNKAVIWQK SRVSDHKMAL MSVLGTAVMN NMESFQYHSE ESQIYLSGFL 240 PKCDADHSFT SLSTPERSFI FINSRPVHQK DILKLIRHHY NLKCLKESTR LYPVFFLKID 300 VPTADVDVNL TPDKSQVLLQ NKESVLIALE NLMTTCYGPL PSTNSYENNK TDVSAADIVL 360 SKTAETDVLF NKVESSGKNY SNVDTSVIPF QNDMHNDESG KNTDDCLNHQ ISIGDFGYGH 420 CSSEISNIDK NTKNAFQDIS MSNVSWENSQ TEYSKTCFIS SVKHTQSENG NKDHIDESGE 480 NEEEAGLENS SEISADEWSR GNILKNSVGE NIEPVKILVP EKSLPCKVSN NNYPIPEQMN 540 LNEDSCNKKS NVIDNKSGKV TAYDLLSNRV IKKPMSASAL FVQDHRPQFL IENPKTSLED 600 ATLQIEELWK TLSEEEKLKY EEKATKDLER YNSQMKRAIE QESQMSLKDG RKKIKPTSAW 660 NLAQKHKLKT SLSNQPKLDE LLQSQIEKRR SQNIKMVQIP FSMKNLKINF KKQNKVDLEE 720 KDEPCLIHNL RFPDAWLMTS KTEVMLLNPY RVEEALLFKR LLENHKLPAE PLEKPIMLTE 780 SLFNGSHYLD VLYKMTADDQ RYSGSTYLSD PRLTANGFKI KLIPGVSITE NYLEIEGMAN 840 CLPFYGVADL KEILNAILNR NAKEVYECRP RKVISYLEGE AVRLSRQLPM YLSKEDIQDI 900 IYRNKHQFGN EIKECVHGRP FFHHLTYLPE TT  932 Human PMS1 cDNA ggcacgagtg gctgcttgcg gctagtggat ggtaattgcc tgcctcgcgc tagcagcaag 60 ctgctctgtt aaaagcgaaa atgaaacaat tgcctgcggc aacagttcga ctcctttcaa 120 gttctcagat catcacttcg gtggtcagtg ttgtaaaaga gcttattgaa aactccttgg 180 atgctggtgc cacaagcgta gatgttaaac tggagaacta tggatttgat aaaattgagg 240 tgcgagataa cggggagggt atcaaggctg ttgatgcacc tgtaatggca atgaagtact 300 acacctcaaa aataaatagt catgaagatc ttgaaaattt gacaacttac ggttttcgtg 360 gagaagcctt ggggtcaatt tgttgtatag ctgaggtttt aattacaaca agaacggctg 420 ctgataattt tagcacccag tatgttttag atggcagtgg ccacatactt tctcagaaac 480 cttcacatct tggtcaaggt acaactgtaa ctgctttaag attatttaag aatctacctg 540 taagaaagca gttttactca actgcaaaaa aatgtaaaga tgaaataaaa aagatccaag 600 atctcctcat gagctttggt atccttaaac ctgacttaag gattgtcttt gtacataaca 660 aggcagttat ttggcagaaa agcagagtat cagatcacaa gatggctctc atgtcagttc 720 tggggactgc tgttatgaac aatatggaat cctttcagta ccactctgaa gaatctcaga 780 tttatctcag tggatttctt ccaaagtgtg atgcagacca ctctttcact agtctttcaa 840 caccagaaag aagtttcatc ttcataaaca gtcgaccagt acatcaaaaa gatatcttaa 900 agttaatccg acatcattac aatctgaaat gcctaaagga atctactcgt ttgtatcctg 960 ttttctttct gaaaatcgat gttcctacag ctgatgttga tgtaaattta acaccagata 1020 aaagccaagt attattacaa aataaggaat ctgttttaat tgctcttgaa aatctgatga 1080 cgacttgtta tggaccatta cctagtacaa attcttatga aaataataaa acagatgttt 1140 ccgcagctga catcgttctt agtaaaacag cagaaacaga tgtgcttttt aataaagtgg 1200 aatcatctgg aaagaattat tcaaatgttg atacttcagt cattccattc caaaatgata 1260 tgcataatga tgaatctgga aaaaacactg atgattgttt aaatcaccag ataagtattg 1320 gtgactttgg ttatggtcat tgtagtagtg aaatttctaa cattgataaa aacactaaga 1380 atgcatttca ggacatttca atgagtaatg tatcatggga gaactctcag acggaatata 1440 gtaaaacttg ttttataagt tccgttaagc acacccagtc agaaaatggc aataaagacc 1500 atatagatga gagtggggaa aatgaggaag aagcaggtct tgaaaactct tcggaaattt 1560 ctgcagatga gtggagcagg ggaaatatac ttaaaaattc agtgggagag aatattgaac 1620 ctgtgaaaat tttagtgcct gaaaaaagtt taccatgtaa agtaagtaat aataattatc 1680 caatccctga acaaatgaat cttaatgaag attcatgtaa caaaaaatca aatgtaatag 1740 ataataaatc tggaaaagtt acagcttatg atttacttag caatcgagta atcaagaaac 1800 ccatgtcagc aagtgctctt tttgttcaag atcatcgtcc tcagtttctc atagaaaatc 1860 ctaagactag tttagaggat gcaacactac aaattgaaga actgtggaag acattgagtg 1920 aagaggaaaa actgaaatat gaagagaagg ctactaaaga cttggaacga tacaatagtc 1980 aaatgaagag agccattgaa caggagtcac aaatgtcact aaaagatggc agaaaaaaga 2040 taaaacccac cagcgcatgg aatttggccc agaagcacaa gttaaaaacc tcattatcta 2100 atcaaccaaa acttgatgaa ctccttcagt cccaaattga aaaaagaagg agtcaaaata 2160 ttaaaatggt acagatcccc ttttctatga aaaacttaaa aataaatttt aagaaacaaa 2220 acaaagttga cttagaagag aaggatgaac cttgcttgat ccacaatctc aggtttcctg 2280 atgcatggct aatgacatcc aaaacagagg taatgttatt aaatccatat agagtagaag 2340 aagccctgct atttaaaaga cttcttgaga atcataaact tcctgcagag ccactggaaa 2400 agccaattat gttaacagag agtcttttta atggatctca ttatttagac gttttatata 2460 aaatgacagc agatgaccaa agatacagtg gatcaactta cctgtctgat cctcgtctta 2520 cagcgaatgg tttcaagata aaattgatac caggagtttc aattactgaa aattacttgg 2580 aaatagaagg aatggctaat tgtctcccat tctatggagt agcagattta aaagaaattc 2640 ttaatgctat attaaacaga aatgcaaagg aagtttatga atgtagacct cgcaaagtga 2700 taagttattt agagggagaa gcagtgcgtc tatccagaca attacccatg tacttatcaa 2760 aagaggacat ccaagacatt atctacagaa tgaagcacca gtttggaaat gaaattaaag 2820 agtgtgttca tggtcgccca ttttttcatc atttaaccta tcttccagaa actacatgat 2880 taaatatgtt taagaagatt agttaccatt gaaattggtt ctgtcataaa acagcatgag 2940 tctggtttta aattatcttt gtattatgtg tcacatggtt attttttaaa tgaggattca 3000 ctgacttgtt tttatattga aaaaagttcc acgtattgta gaaaacgtaa ataaactaat 3060 aac  3063 human MSH2 protein MAVQPKETLQ LESAAEVGFV RFFQGMPEKP TTTVRLFDRG DFYTAHGEDA LLAAREVFKT 60 QGVIKYMGPA GAKNLQSVVL SKMNFESFVK DLLLVRQYRV EVYKNPAGNK ASKENDWYLA 120 YKASPGNLSQ FEDILFGNND MSASIGVVGV KMSAVDGQRQ VGVGYVDSIQ RKLGLCEFPD 180 NDQFSNLEAL LIQIGPKECV LPGGETAGDM GKLRQIIQRG GILITERKKA DFSTKDIYQD 240 LNRLLKGKKG EQMNSAVLPE MENQVAVSSL SAVIKFLELL SDDSNFGQFE LTTFDFSQYM 300 KLDIAAVRAL NLFQGSVEDT TGSQSLAALL NKCKTPQGQR LVNQWIKQPL MDKNRIEERL 360 NLVEAFVEDA ELRQTLQEDL LRRFPDLNRL AKKFQRQAAN LQDCYRLYQG INQLPNVIQA 420 LEKHEGKHQK LLLAVFVTPL TDLRSDFSKF QEMIETTLDM DQVENHEFLV KPSFDPNLSE 480 LREIMNDLEK KNQSTLISAA RDLGLDPGKQ IKLDSSAQFG YYFRVTCKEE KVLRNNKNFS 540 TVDIQKNGVK FTNSKLTSLN EEYTKNKTEY EEAQDAIVKE IVNISSGYVE PMQTLNDVLA 600 QLDAVVSFAH VSNGAPVPYV RPAILEKGQG RIILKASRHA CVEVQDEIAF IPNDVYFEKD 660 KQMFHIITGP NMGGKSTYIR QTGVIVLMAQ IGCFVPCESA EVSIVDCILA RVGAGDSQLK 720 GVSTFMAEML ETASILRSAT KDSLIIIDEL GRGTSTYDGF GLAWAISEYI ATKIGAFCMF 780 ATHFHELTAL ANQIPTVNNL HVTALTTEET LTMLYQVKKG VCDQSFGIHV AELANFPKHV 840 IECAKQKALE LEEFQYIGES QGYDIMEPAA KKCYLEREQG EKIIQEFLSK VKQMPFTEMS 900 EENITIKLKQ LKAEVIAKNN SFVNEIISRI KVTT  934 Human MSH2 cDNA ggcgggaaac agcttagtgg gtgtggggtc gcgcattttc ttcaaccagg aggtgaggag 60 gtttcgacat ggcggtgcag ccgaaggaga cgctgcagtt ggagagcgcg gccgaggtcg 120 gcttcgtgcg cttctttcag ggcatgccgg agaagccgac caccacagtg cgccttttcg 180 accggggcga cttctatacg gcgcacggcg aggacgcgct gctggccgcc cgggaggtgt 240 tcaagaccca gggggtgatc aagtacatgg ggccggcagg agcaaagaat ctgcagagtg 300 ttgtgcttag taaaatgaat tttgaatctt ttgtaaaaga tcttcttctg gttcgtcagt 360 atagagttga agtttataag aatagagctg gaaataaggc atccaaggag aatgattggt 420 atttggcata taaggcttct cctggcaatc tctctcagtt tgaagacatt ctctttggta 480 acaatgatat gtcagcttcc attggtgttg tgggtgttaa aatgtccgca gttgatggcc 540 agagacaggt tggagttggg tatgtggatt ccatacagag gaaactagga ctgtgtgaat 600 tccctgataa tgatcagttc tccaatcttg aggctctcct catccagatt ggaccaaagg 660 aatgtgtttt acccggagga gagactgctg gagacatggg gaaactgaga cagataattc 720 aaagaggagg aattctgatc acagaaagaa aaaaagctga cttttccaca aaagacattt 780 atcaggacct caaccggttg ttgaaaggca aaaagggaga gcagatgaat agtgctgtat 840 tgccagaaat ggagaatcag gttgcagttt catcactgtc tgcggtaatc aagtttttag 900 aactcttatc agatgattcc aactttggac agtttgaact gactactttt gacttcagcc 960 agtatatgaa attggatatt gcagcagtca gagcccttaa cctttttcag ggttctgttg 1020 aagataccac tggctctcag tctctggctg ccttgctgaa taagtgtaaa acccctcaag 1080 gacaaagact tgttaaccag tggattaagc agcctctcat ggataagaac agaatagagg 1140 agagattgaa tttagtggaa gcttttgtag aagatgcaga attgaggcag actttacaag 1200 aagatttact tcgtcgattc ccagatctta accgacttgc caagaagttt caaagacaag 1260 cagcaaactt acaagattgt taccgactct atcagggtat aaatcaacta cctaatgtta 1320 tacaggctct ggaaaaacat gaaggaaaac accagaaatt attgttggca gtttttgtga 1380 ctcctcttac tgatcttcgt tctgacttct ccaagtttca ggaaatgata gaaacaactt 1440 tagatatgga tcaggtggaa aaccatgaat tccttgtaaa accttcattt gatcctaatc 1500 tcagtgaatt aagagaaata atgaatgact tggaaaagaa gatgcagtca acattaataa 1560 gtgcagccag agatcttggc ttggaccctg gcaaacagat taaactggat tccagtgcac 1620 agtttggata ttactttcgt gtaacctgta aggaagaaaa agtccttcgt aacaataaaa 1680 actttagtac tgtagatatc cagaagaatg gtgttaaatt taccaacagc aaattgactt 1740 ctttaaatga agagtatacc aaaaataaaa cagaatatga agaagcccag gatgccattg 1800 ttaaagaaat tgtcaatatt tcttcaggct atgtagaacc aatgcagaca ctcaatgatg 1860 tgttagctca gctagatgct gttgtcagct ttgctcacgt gtcaaatgga gcacctgttc 1920 catatgtacg accagccatt ttggagaaag gacaaggaag aattatatta aaagcatcca 1980 ggcatgcttg tgttgaagtt caagatgaaa ttgcatttat tcctaatgac gtatactttg 2040 aaaaagataa acagatgttc cacatcatta ctggccccaa tatgggaggt aaatcaacat 2100 atattcgaca aactggggtg atagtactca tggcccaaat tgggtgtttt gtgccatgtg 2160 agtcagcaga agtgtccatt gtggactgca tcttagcccg agtaggggct ggtgacagtc 2220 aattgaaagg agtctccacg ttcatggctg aaatgttgga aactgcttct atcctcaggt 2280 ctgcaaccaa agattcatta ataatcatag atgaattggg aagaggaact tctacctacg 2340 atggatttgg gttagcatgg gctatatcag aatacattgc aacaaagatt ggtgcttttt 2400 gcatgtttgc aacccatttt catgaactta ctgccttggc caatcagata ccaactgtta 2460 ataatctaca tgtcacagca ctcaccactg aagagacctt aactatgctt tatcaggtga 2520 agaaaggtgt ctgtgatcaa agttttggga ttcatgttgc agagcttgct aatttcccta 2580 agcatgtaat agagtgtgct aaacagaaag ccctggaact tgaggagttt cagtatattg 2640 gagaatcgca aggatatgat atcatggaac cagcagcaaa gaagtgctat ctggaaagag 2700 agcaaggtga aaaaattatt caggagttcc tgtccaaggt gaaacaaatg ccctttactg 2760 aaatgtcaga agaaaacatc acaataaagt taaaacagct aaaagctgaa gtaatagcaa 2820 agaataatag ctttgtaaat gaaatcattt cacgaataaa agttactacg tgaaaaatcc 2880 cagtaatgga atgaaggtaa tattgataag ctattgtctg taatagtttt atattgtttt 2940 atattaaccc tttttccata gtgttaactg tcagtgccca tgggctatca acttaataag 3000 atatttagta atattttact ttgaggacat tttcaaagat ttttattttg aaaaatgaga 3060 gctgtaactg aggactgttt gcaattgaca taggcaataa taagtgatgt gctgaatttt 3120 ataaataaaa tcatgtagtt tgtgg  3145 human MLH1 protein MSFVAGVIRR LDETVVNRIA AGEVIQRPAN AIKEMIENCL DAKSTSIQVI VKEGGLKLIQ 60 IQDNGTGIRK EDLDIVCERF TTSKLQSFED LASISTYGFR GEALASISHV AHVTITTKTA 120 DGKCAYRASY SDGKLKAPPK PCAGNQGTQI TVEDLFYNIA TRRKALKNPS EEYGKILEVV 180 GRYSVHNAGI SFSVKKQGET VADVRTLPNA STVDNIRSIF GNAVSRELIE IGCEDKTLAF 240 KMNGYISNAN YSVKKCIFLL FINHRLVEST SLRKAIETVY AAYLPKNTHP FLYLSLEISP 300 QNVDVNVHPT KHEVHFLHEE SILERVQQHI ESKLLGSNSS RMYFTQTLLP GLAGPSGEMV 360 KSTTSLTSSS TSGSSDKVYA HQMVRTDSRE QKLDAFLQPL SKPLSSQPQA IVTEDKTDIS 420 SGRARQQDEE MLELPAPAEV AAKNQSLEGD TTKGTSEMSE KRGPTSSNPR KRHREDSDVE 480 MVEDDSRKEM TAACTPRRRI INLTSVLSLQ EEINEQGHEV LREMLHNHSF VGCVNPQWAL 540 AQHQTKLYLL NTTKLSEELF YQILIYDFAN FGVLRLSEPA PLFDLAMLAL DSPESGWTEE 600 DGPKEGLAEY IVEFLKKKAE MLADYFSLEI DEEGNLIGLP LLIDNYVPPL EGLPIFILRL 660 ATEVNWDEEK ECFESLSKEC AMFYSIRKQY ISEESTLSGQ QSEVPGSIPN SWKWTVEHIV 720 YKALRSHILP PKHFTEDGNI LQLANLPDLY KVFERC  756 Human MLH1 cDNA cttggctctt ctggcgccaa aatgtcgttc gtggcagggg ttattcggcg gctggacgag 60 acagtggtga accgcatcgc ggcgggggaa gttatccagc ggccagctaa tgctatcaaa 120 gagatgattg agaactgttt agatgcaaaa tccacaagta ttcaagtgat tgttaaagag 180 ggaggcctga agttgattca gatccaagac aatggcaccg ggatcaggaa agaagatctg 240 gatattgtat gtgaaaggtt cactactagt aaactgcagt cctttgagga tttagccagt 300 atttctacct atggctttcg aggtgaggct ttggccagca taagccatgt ggctcatgtt 360 actattacaa cgaaaacagc tgatggaaag tgtgcataca gagcaagtta ctcagatgga 420 aaactgaaag cccctcctaa accatgtgct ggcaatcaag ggacccagat cacggtggag 480 gacctttttt acaacatagc cacgaggaga aaagctttaa aaaatccaag tgaagaatat 540 gggaaaattt tggaagttgt tggcaggtat tcagtacaca atgcaggcat tagtttctca 600 gttaaaaaac aaggagagac agtagctgat gttaggacac tacccaatgc ctcaaccgtg 660 gacaatattc gctccatctt tggaaatgct gttagtcgag aactgataga aattggatgt 720 gaggataaaa ccctagcctt caaaatgaat ggttacatat ccaatgcaaa ctactcagtg 780 aagaagtgca tcttcttact cttcatcaac catcgtctgg tagaatcaac ttccttgaga 840 aaagccatag aaacagtgta tgcagcctat ttgcccaaaa acacacaccc attcctgtac 900 ctcagtttag aaatcagtcc ccagaatgtg gatgttaatg tgcaccccac aaagcatgaa 960 gttcacttcc tgcacgagga gagcatcctg gagcgggtgc agcagcacat cgagagcaag 1020 ctcctgggct ccaattcctc caggatgtac ttcacccaga ctttgctacc aggacttgct 1080 ggcccctctg gggagatggt taaatccaca acaagtctga cctcgtcttc tacttctgga 1140 agtagtgata aggtctatgc ccaccagatg gttcgtacag attcccggga acagaagctt 1200 gatgcatttc tgcagcctct gagcaaaccc ctgtccagtc agccccaggc cattgtcaca 1260 gaggataaga cagatatttc tagtggcagg gctaggcagc aagatgagga gatgcttgaa 1320 ctcccagccc ctgctgaagt ggctgccaaa aatcagagct tggaggggga tacaacaaag 1380 gggacttcag aaatgtcaga gaagagagga cctacttcca gcaaccccag aaagagacat 1440 cgggaagatt ctgatgtgga aatggtggaa gatgattccc gaaaggaaat gactgcagct 1500 tgtacccccc ggagaaggat cattaacctc actagtgttt tgagtctcca ggaagaaatt 1560 aatgagcagg gacatgaggt tctccgggag atgttgcata accactcctt cgtgggctgt 1620 gtgaatcctc agtgggcctt ggcacagcat caaaccaagt tataccttct caacaccacc 1680 aagcttagtg aagaactgtt ctaccagata ctcatttatg attttgccaa ttttggtgtt 1740 ctcaggttat cggagccagc accgctcttt gaccttgcca tgcttgcctt agatagtcca 1800 gagagtggct ggacagagga agatggtccc aaagaaggac ttgctgaata cattgttgag 1860 tttctgaaga agaaggctga gatgcttgca gactatttct ctttggaaat tgatgaggaa 1920 gggaacctga ttggattacc ccttctgatt gacaactatg tgcccccttt ggagggactg 1980 cctatcttca ttcttcgact agccactgag gtgaattggg acgaagaaaa ggaatgtttt 2040 gaaagcctca gtaaagaatg cgctatgttc tattccatcc ggaagcagta catatctgag 2100 gagtcgaccc tctcaggcca gcagagtgaa gtgcctggct ccattccaaa ctcctggaag 2160 tggactgtgg aacacattgt ctataaagcc ttgcgctcac acattctgcc tcctaaacat 2220 ttcacagaag atggaaatat cctgcagctt gctaacctgc ctgatctata caaagtcttt 2280 gagaggtgtt aaatatggtt atttatgcac tgtgggatgt gttcttcttt ctctgtattc 2340 cgatacaaag tgttgtatca aagtgtgata tacaaagtgt accaacataa gtgttggtag 2400 cacttaagac ttatacttgc cttctgatag tattccttta tacacagtgg attgattata 2460 aataaataga tgtgtcttaa cata  2484 hPMS2-134 protein MKQLPAATVR LLSSSQIITS VVSVVKELIE NSLDAGATSV DVKLENYGFD KIEVRDNGEG 60 IKAVDAPVMA MKYYTSKINS HEDLENLTTY GFRGEALGSI CCIAEVLITT RTAADNFSTQ 120 YVLDGSGHIL SQK  133 hPMS2-134 cDNA cgaggcggat cgggtgttgc atccatggag cgagctgaga gctcgagtac agaacctgct 60 aaggccatca aacctattga tcggaagtca gtccatcaga tttgctctgg gcaggtggta 120 ctgagtctaa gcactgcggt aaaggagtta gtagaaaaca gtctggatgc tggtgccact 180 aatattgatc taaagcttaa ggactatgga gtggatctta ttgaagtttc agacaatgga 240 tgtggggtag aagaagaaaa cttcgaaggc ttaactctga aacatcacac atctaagatt 300 caagagtttg ccgacctaac tcaggttgaa acttttggct ttcgggggga agctctgagc 360 tcactttgtg cactgagcga tgtcaccatt tctacctgcc acgcatcggc gaaggttgga 420 acttga  426 hMSH6 (human cDNA) ACCESSION U28946 MSRQSTLYSFFPKSPALSDANKASARASREGGRAAAAPGASPSP GGDAAWSEAGPGPRPLARSASPPKAKNLNGGLRRSVAPAAPTSCDFSPGDLVWAKMEG YPWWPCLVYNHPFDGTFIREKGKSVRVHVQFFDDSPTRGWVSKRLLKPYTGSKSKEAQ KGGHFYSAKPEILRAMQRADEALNKDKIKRLELAVCDEPSEPEEEEEMEVGTTYVTDK SEEDNEIESEEEVQPKTQGSRRSSRQIKKRRVISDSESDIGGSDVEFKPDTKEEGSSD EISSGVGDSESEGLNSPVKVARKRKRNVTGNGSLKRKSSRKETPSATKQATSISSETK NTLRAFSAPQNSESQAHVSGGGDDSSRPTVWYHETLEWLKEEKRRDEHRRRPDHPDFD ASTLYVPEDFLNSCTPGMRKWWQIKSQNFDLVICYKVGKFYELYHMDALIGVSELGLV FMKGNWAHSGFPEIAFGRYSDSLVQKGYKVARVEQTETPEMMEARCRKMAHISKYDRV VRREICRIITKGTQTYSVLEGDPSENYSKYLLSLKEKEEDSSGHTRAYGVCFVDTSLG KFFIGQFSDDRHCSRFRTLVAHYPPVQVLFEKGNLSKETKTILKSSLSCSLQEGLIPG SQFWDASKTLRTLLEEEYFREKLSDGIGVMLPQVLKGMTSESDSIGLTPGEKSELALS ALGGCVFYLKKCLIDQELLSMANFEEYIPLDSDTVSTTRSGAIFTKAYQRNVLDAVTL NNLEIFLNGTNGSTEGTLLERVDTCHTPFGKRLLKQWLCAPLCNHYAINDRLDAIEDL MVVPDKISEVVELLKKLPDLERLLSKIHNVGSPLKSQNHPDSRAIMYEETTYSKKKII DFLSALEGFKVMCKIIGIMEEVADGFKSKILKQVISLQTKNPEGRFPDLTVELNRWDT AFDHEKARKTGLITPKAGFDSDYDQALADIRENEQSLLEYLEKQRNRIGCRTIVYWGI GRNRYQLEIPENFTTRNLPEEYELKSTKKGCKRYWTKTIEKKLANLINAEERRDVSLK DCMRRLFYNFDKNYKDWQSAVECIAVLDVLLCLANYSRGGDGPMCRPVILLPEDTPPF LELKGSRHPCITKTFFGDDFIPNDILIGCEEEEQENGKAYCVLVTGPNMGGKSTLMRQ AGLLAVMAQMGCYVPAEVCRLTPIDRVFTRLGASDRIMSGESTFFVELSETASILMHA TAHSLVLVDELGRGTATFDGTAIANAVVKELAETIKCRTLFSTHYHSLVEDYSQNVAV RLGHMACMVENECEDPSQETITFLYKFIKGACPKSYGFNAARLANLPEEVIQKGHRKA REFEKNNQSLRLFREVCLASERSTVDAEAVHKLLTLIKEL″ hPMSR2 (human cDNA) ACCESSION U38964 1 ggcgctccta cctgcaagtg gctagtgcca agtgctgggc cgccgctcct gccgtgcatg 61 ttggggagcc agtacatgca ggtgggctcc acacggagag gggcgcagac ccggtgacag 121 ggctttacct ggtacatcgg catggcgcaa ccaaagcaag agagggtggc gcgtgccaga 181 caccaacggt cggaaaccgc cagacaccaa cggtcggaaa ccgccaagac accaacgctc 241 ggaaaccgcc agacaccaac gctcggaaac cgccagacac caaggctcgg aatccacgcc 301 aggccacgac ggagggcgac tacctccctt ctgaccctgc tgctggcgtt cggaaaaaac 361 gcagtccggt gtgctctgat tggtccaggc tctttgacgt cacggactcg acctttgaca 421 gagccactag gcgaaaagga gagacgggaa gtattttttc cgccccgccc ggaaagggtg 481 gagcacaacg tcgaaagcag ccgttgggag cccaggaggc ggggcgcctg tgggagccgt 541 ggagggaact ttcccagtcc ccgaggcgga tccggtgttg catccttgga gcgagctgag 601 aactcgagta cagaacctgc taaggccatc aaacctattg atcggaagtc agtccatcag 661 atttgctctg ggccggtggt accgagtcta aggccgaatg cggtgaagga gttagtagaa 721 aacagtctgg atgctggtgc cactaatgtt gatctaaagc ttaaggacta tggagtggat 781 ctcattgaag tttcaggcaa tggatgtggg gtagaagaag aaaacttcga aggctttact 841 ctgaaacatc acacatgtaa gattcaagag tttgccgacc taactcaggt ggaaactttt 901 ggctttcggg gggaagctct gagctcactt tgtgcactga gtgatgtcac catttctacc 961 tgccgtgtat cagcgaaggt tgggactcga ctggtgtttg atcactatgg gaaaatcatc 1021 cagaaaaccc cctacccccg ccccagaggg atgacagtca gcgtgaagca gttattttct 1081 acgctacctg tgcaccataa agaatttcaa aggaatatta agaagaaacg tgcctgcttc 1141 cccttcgcct tctgccgtga ttgtcagttt cctgaggcct ccccagccat gcttcctgta 1201 cagcctgtag aactgactcc tagaagtacc ccaccccacc cctgctcctt ggaggacaac 1261 gtgatcactg tattcagctc tgtcaagaat ggtccaggtt cttctagatg atctgcacaa 1321 atggttcctc tcctccttcc tgatgtctgc cattagcatt ggaataaagt tcctgctgaa 1381 aatccaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa hPMSR2 (human protein) ACCESSION U38964 MAQPKQERVARARHQRSETARHQRSETAKTPTLGNRQTPTLGNR QTPRLGIHARPRRRATTSLLTLLLAFGKNAVRCALIGPGSLTSRTRPLTEPLGEKERR EVFFPPRPERVEHNVESSRWEPRRRGACGSRGGNFPSPRGGSGVASLERAENSSTEPA KAIKPIDRKSVHQICSGPVVPSLRPNAVKELVENSLDAGATNVDLKLKDYGVDLIEVS GNGCGVEEENFEGFTLKHHTCKIQEFADLTQVETFGFRGEALSSLCALSDVTISTCRV SAKVGTRLVFDHYGKIIQKTPYPRPRGMTVSVKQLFSTLPVHHKEFQRNIKKKRACFP FAFCRDCQFPEASPAMLPVQPVELTPRSTPPHPCSLEDNVITVFSSVKNGPGSSR HPMSR3 (human cDNA) ACCESSION U38979 1 tttttagaaa ctgatgttta ttttccatca accatttttc catgctgctt aagagaatat 61 gcaagaacag cttaagacca gtcagtggtt gctcctaccc attcagtggc ctgagcagtg 121 gggagctgca gaccagtctt ccgtggcagg ctgagcgctc cagtcttcag tagggaattg 181 ctgaataggc acagagggca cctgtacacc ttcagaccag tctgcaacct caggctgagt 241 agcagtgaac tcaggagcgg gagcagtcca ttcaccctga aattcctcct tggtcactgc 301 cttctcagca gcagcctgct cttctttttc aatctcttca ggatctctgt agaagtacag 361 atcaggcatg acctcccatg ggtgttcacg ggaaatggtg ccacgcatgc gcagaacttc 421 ccgagccagc atccaccaca ttaaacccac tgagtgagct cccttgttgt tgcatgggat 481 ggcaatgtcc acatagcgca gaggagaatc tgtgttacac agcgcaatgg taggtaggtt 541 aacataagat gcctccgtga gaggcgaagg ggcggcggga cccgggcctg gcccgtatgt 601 gtccttggcg goctagacta ggccgtcgct gtatggtgag ccccagggag gcggatctgg 661 gcccccagaa ggacacccgc ctggatttgc cccgtagccc ggcccgggcc cctcgggagc 721 agaacagcct tggtgaggtg gacaggaggg gacctcgcga gcagacgcgc gcgccagcga 781 cagcagcccc gccccggcct ctcgggagcc ggggggcaga ggctgcggag ccccaggagg 841 gtctatcagc cacagtctct gcatgtttcc aagagcaaca ggaaatgaac acattgcagg 901 ggccagtgtc attcaaagat gtggctgtgg atttcaccca ggaggagtgg cggcaactgg 961 accctgatga gaagatagca tacggggatg tgatgttgga gaactacagc catctagttt 1021 ctgtggggta tgattatcac caagccaaac atcatcatgg agtggaggtg aaggaagtgg 1081 agcagggaga ggagccgtgg ataatggaag gtgaatttcc atgtcaacat agtccagaac 1141 ctgctaaggc catcaaacct attgatcgga agtcagtcca tcagatttgc tctgggccag 1201 tggtactgag tctaagcact gcagtgaagg agttagtaga aaacagtctg gatgctggtg 1261 ccactaatat tgatctaaag cttaaggact atggagtgga tctcattgaa gtttcagaca 1321 atggatgtgg ggtagaagaa gaaaactttg aaggcttaat ctctttcagc tctgaaacat 1381 cacacatgta agattcaaga gtttgccgac ctaactgaag ttgaaacttt cggttttcag 1441 ggggaagctc tgagctcact gtgtgcactg agcgatgtca ccatttctac ctgccacgcg 1501 ttggtgaagg ttgggactcg actggtgttt gatcacgatg ggaaaatcat ccaggaaacc 1561 ccctaccccc accccagagg gaccacagtc agcgtgaagc agttattttc tacgctacct 1621 gtgcgccata aggaatttca aaggaatatt aagaagacgt gcctgcttcc ccttcgcctt 1681 ctgccgtgat tgtcagtttc ctgaggcctc cccagccatg cttcctgtac agcctgcaga 1741 actgtgagtc aattaaacct cttttcttca taaattaaaa aaaaa hPMSR3 (human protein) ACCESSION U38979 MCPWRPRLGRRCMVSPREADLGPQKDTRLDLPRSPARAPREQNS LGEVDRRGPREQTRAPATAAPPRPLGSRGAEAAEPQEGLSATVSACFQEQQEMNTLQG PVSFKDVAVDFTQEEWRQLDPDEKIAYGDVMLENYSHLVSVGYDYHQAKHHHGVEVKE VEQGEEPWIMEGEFPCQHSPEPAKAIKPIDRKSVHQICSGPVVLSLSTAVKELVENSL DAGATNIDLKLKDYGVDLIEVSDNGCGVEEENFEGLISFSSETSHM″ hPMSL9 (human cDNA) ACCESSION NM_005395 1 atgtgtcctt ggcggcctag actaggccgt cgctgtatgg tgagccccag ggaggcggat 61 ctgggccccc agaaggacac ccgcctggat ttgccccgta gcccggcccg ggcccctcgg 121 gagcagaaca gccttggtga ggtggacagg aggggacctc gcgagcagac gcgcgcgcca 181 gcgacagcag ccccgccccg gcctctcggg agccgggggg cagaggctgc ggagccccag 241 gagggtctat cagccacagt ctctgcatgt ttccaagagc aacaggaaat gaacacattg 301 caggggccag tgtcattcaa agatgtggct gtggatttca cccaggagga gtggcggcaa 361 ctggaccctg atgagaagat agcatacggg gatgtgatgt tggagaacta cagccatcta 421 gtttctgtgg ggtatgatta tcaccaagcc aaacatcatc atggagtgga ggtgaaggaa 481 gtggagcagg gagaggagcc gtggataatg gaaggtgaat ttccatgtca acatagtcca 541 gaacctgcta aggccatcaa acctattgat cggaagtcag tccatcagat ttgctctggg 601 ccagtggtac tgagtctaag cactgcagtg aaggagttag tagaaaacag tctggatgct 661 ggtgccacta atattgatct aaagcttaag gactatggag tggatctcat tgaagtttca 721 gacaatggat gtggggtaga agaagaaaac tttgaaggct taatctcttt cagctctgaa 781 acatcacaca tgtaa hPMSL9 (human protein) ACCESSION NM_005395 MCPWRPRLGRRCMVSPREADLGPQKDTRLDLPRSPARAPREQNS LGEVDRRCPREQTRAPATAAPPRPLGSRGAEAAEPQEGLSATVSACFQEQQEMNTLQG PVSFKDVAVDFTQEEWRQLDPDEKIAYGDVMLENYSHLVSVGYDYHQAKHHHGVEVKE VEQGEEPWIMEGEFPCQHSPEPAKAIKPIDRKSVHQICSGPVVLSLSTAVKELVENSL DAGATNIDLKLKDYGVDLIEVSDNGCGVEEENFEGLISFSSETSHM″

[0064]

1 25 1 30 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer 1 acgcatatgg agcgagctga gagctcgagt 30 2 75 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer 2 gaattcttat cacgtagaat cgagaccgag gagagggtta gggataggct taccagttcc 60 aaccttcgcc gatgc 75 3 27 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer 3 acgcatatgt gtccttggcg gcctaga 27 4 75 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR primer 4 gaattcttat tacgtagaat cgagaccgag gagagggtta gggataggct tacccatgtg 60 tgatgtttca gagct 75 5 3218 DNA Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5 aaataggaat gtgatacctt ctattgcatg caaagatagt gtaggaggcg ctgctattgc 60 caaagacttt tgagaccgct tgctgtttca ttatagttga ggagttctcg aagacgagaa 120 attagcagtt ttcggtgttt agtaatcgcg ctagcatgct aggacaattt aactgcaaaa 180 ttttgatacg atagtgatag taaatggaag gtaaaaataa catagaccta tcaataagca 240 atgtctctca gaataaaagc acttgatgca tcagtggtta acaaaattgc tgcaggtgag 300 atcataatat cccccgtaaa tgctctcaaa gaaatgatgg agaattccat cgatgcgaat 360 gctacaatga ttgatattct agtcaaggaa ggaggaatta aggtacttca aataacagat 420 aacggatctg gaattaataa agcagacctg ccaatcttat gtgagcgatt cacgacgtcc 480 aaattacaaa aattcgaaga tttgagtcag attcaaacgt atggattccg aggagaagct 540 ttagccagta tctcacatgt ggcaagagtc acagtaacga caaaagttaa agaagacaga 600 tgtgcatgga gagtttcata tgcagaaggt aagatgttgg aaagccccaa acctgttgct 660 ggaaaagacg gtaccacgat cctagttgaa gacctttttt tcaatattcc ttctagatta 720 agggccttga ggtcccataa tgatgaatac tctaaaatat tagatgttgt cgggcgatac 780 gccattcatt ccaaggacat tggcttttct tgtaaaaagt tcggagactc taattattct 840 ttatcagtta aaccttcata tacagtccag gataggatta ggactgtgtt caataaatct 900 gtggcttcga atttaattac ttttcatatc agcaaagtag aagatttaaa cctggaaagc 960 gttgatggaa aggtgtgtaa tttgaatttc atatccaaaa agtccatttc attaattttt 1020 ttcattaata atagactagt gacatgtgat cttctaagaa gagctttgaa cagcgtttac 1080 tccaattatc tgccaaaggg cttcagacct tttatttatt tgggaattgt tatagatccg 1140 gcggctgttg atgttaacgt tcacccgaca aagagagagg ttcgtttcct gagccaagat 1200 gagatcatag agaaaatcgc caatcaattg cacgccgaat tatctgccat tgatacttca 1260 cgtactttca aggcttcttc aatttcaaca aacaagccag agtcattgat accatttaat 1320 gacaccatag aaagtgatag gaataggaag agtctccgac aagcccaagt ggtagagaat 1380 tcatatacga cagccaatag tcaactaagg aaagcgaaaa gacaagagaa taaactagtc 1440 agaatagatg cttcacaagc taaaattacg tcatttttat cctcaagtca acagttcaac 1500 tttgaaggat cgtctacaaa gcgacaactg agtgaaccca aggtaacaaa tgtaagccac 1560 tcccaagagg cagaaaagct gacactaaat gaaagcgaac aaccgcgtga tgccaataca 1620 atcaatgata atgacttgaa ggatcaacct aagaagaaac aaaagttggg ggattataaa 1680 gttccaagca ttgccgatga cgaaaagaat gcactcccga tttcaaaaga cgggtatatt 1740 agagtaccta aggagcgagt taatgttaat cttacgagta tcaagaaatt gcgtgaaaaa 1800 gtagatgatt cgatacatcg agaactaaca gacatttttg caaatttgaa ttacgttggg 1860 gttgtagatg aggaaagaag attagccgct attcagcatg acttaaagct ttttttaata 1920 gattacggat ctgtgtgcta tgagctattc tatcagattg gtttgacaga cttcgcaaac 1980 tttggtaaga taaacctaca gagtacaaat gtgtcagatg atatagtttt gtataatctc 2040 ctatcagaat ttgacgagtt aaatgacgat gcttccaaag aaaaaataat tagtaaaata 2100 tgggacatga gcagtatgct aaatgagtac tattccatag aattggtgaa tgatggtcta 2160 gataatgact taaagtctgt gaagctaaaa tctctaccac tacttttaaa aggctacatt 2220 ccatctctgg tcaagttacc attttttata tatcgcctgg gtaaagaagt tgattgggag 2280 gatgaacaag agtgtctaga tggtatttta agagagattg cattactcta tatacctgat 2340 atggttccga aagtcgatac actcgatgca tcgttgtcag aagacgaaaa agcccagttt 2400 ataaatagaa aggaacacat atcctcatta ctagaacacg ttctcttccc ttgtatcaaa 2460 cgaaggttcc tggcccctag acacattctc aaggatgtcg tggaaatagc caaccttcca 2520 gatctataca aagtttttga gaggtgttaa ctttaaaacg ttttggctgt aataccaaag 2580 tttttgttta tttcctgagt gtgattgtgt ttcatttgaa agtgtatgcc ctttccttta 2640 acgattcatc cgcgagattt caaaggatat gaaatatggt tgcagttagg aaagtatgtc 2700 agaaatgtat attcggattg aaactcttct aatagttctg aagtcacttg gttccgtatt 2760 gttttcgtcc tcttcctcaa gcaacgattc ttgtctaagc ttattcaacg gtaccaaaga 2820 cccgagtcct tttatgagag aaaacatttc atcatttttc aactcaatta tcttaatatc 2880 attttgtagt attttgaaaa caggatggta aaacgaatca cctgaatcta gaagctgtac 2940 cttgtcccat aaaagtttta atttactgag cctttcggtc aagtaaacta gtttatctag 3000 ttttgaaccg aatattgtgg gcagatttgc agtaagttca gttagatcta ctaaaagttg 3060 tttgacagca gccgattcca caaaaatttg gtaaaaggag atgaaagaga cctcgcgcgt 3120 aatggtttgc atcaccatcg gatgtctgtt gaaaaactca ctttttgcat ggaagttatt 3180 aacaataaga ctaatgatta ccttagaata atgtataa 3218 6 3056 DNA Mus musculus 6 gaattccggt gaaggtcctg aagaatttcc agattcctga gtatcattgg aggagacaga 60 taacctgtcg tcaggtaacg atggtgtata tgcaacagaa atgggtgttc ctggagacgc 120 gtcttttccc gagagcggca ccgcaactct cccgcggtga ctgtgactgg aggagtcctg 180 catccatgga gcaaaccgaa ggcgtgagta cagaatgtgc taaggccatc aagcctattg 240 atgggaagtc agtccatcaa atttgttctg ggcaggtgat actcagttta agcaccgctg 300 tgaaggagtt gatagaaaat agtgtagatg ctggtgctac tactattgat ctaaggctta 360 aagactatgg ggtggacctc attgaagttt cagacaatgg atgtggggta gaagaagaaa 420 actttgaagg tctagctctg aaacatcaca catctaagat tcaagagttt gccgacctca 480 cgcaggttga aactttcggc tttcgggggg aagctctgag ctctctgtgt gcactaagtg 540 atgtcactat atctacctgc cacgggtctg caagcgttgg gactcgactg gtgtttgacc 600 ataatgggaa aatcacccag aaaactccct acccccgacc taaaggaacc acagtcagtg 660 tgcagcactt attttataca ctacccgtgc gttacaaaga gtttcagagg aacattaaaa 720 aggagtattc caaaatggtg caggtcttac aggcgtactg tatcatctca gcaggcgtcc 780 gtgtaagctg cactaatcag ctcggacagg ggaagcggca cgctgtggtg tgcacaagcg 840 gcacgtctgg catgaaggaa aatatcgggt ctgtgtttgg ccagaagcag ttgcaaagcc 900 tcattccttt tgttcagctg ccccctagtg acgctgtgtg tgaagagtac ggcctgagca 960 cttcaggacg ccacaaaacc ttttctacgt ttcgggcttc atttcacagt gcacgcacgg 1020 cgccgggagg agtgcaacag acaggcagtt tttcttcatc aatcagaggc cctgtgaccc 1080 agcaaaggtc tctaagcttg tcaatgaggt tttatcacat gtataaccgg catcagtacc 1140 catttgtcgt ccttaacgtt tccgttgact cagaatgtgt ggatattaat gtaactccag 1200 ataaaaggca aattctacta caagaagaga agctattgct ggccgtttta aagacctcct 1260 tgataggaat gtttgacagt gatgcaaaca agcttaatgt caaccagcag ccactgctag 1320 atgttgaagg taacttagta aagctgcata ctgcagaact agaaaagcct gtgccaggaa 1380 agcaagataa ctctccttca ctgaagagca cagcagacga gaaaagggta gcatccatct 1440 ccaggctgag agaggccttt tctcttcatc ctactaaaga gatcaagtct aggggtccag 1500 agactgctga actgacacgg agttttccaa gtgagaaaag gggcgtgtta tcctcttatc 1560 cttcagacgt catctcttac agaggcctcc gtggctcgca ggacaaattg gtgagtccca 1620 cggacagccc tggtgactgt atggacagag agaaaataga aaaagactca gggctcagca 1680 gcacctcagc tggctctgag gaagagttca gcaccccaga agtggccagt agctttagca 1740 gtgactataa cgtgagctcc ctagaagaca gaccttctca ggaaaccata aactgtggtg 1800 acctggactg ccgtcctcca ggtacaggac agtccttgaa gccagaagac catggatatc 1860 aatgcaaagc tctacctcta gctcgtctgt cacccacaaa tgccaagcgc ttcaagacag 1920 aggaaagacc ctcaaatgtc aacatttctc aaagattgcc tggtcctcag agcacctcag 1980 cagctgaggt cgatgtagcc ataaaaatga ataagagaat cgtgctcctc gagttctctc 2040 tgagttctct agctaagcga atgaagcagt tacagcacct aaaggcgcag aacaaacatg 2100 aactgagtta cagaaaattt agggccaaga tttgccctgg agaaaaccaa gcagcagaag 2160 atgaactcag aaaagagatt agtaaatcga tgtttgcaga gatggagatc ttgggtcagt 2220 ttaacctggg atttatagta accaaactga aagaggacct cttcctggtg gaccagcatg 2280 ctgcggatga gaagtacaac tttgagatgc tgcagcagca cacggtgctc caggcgcaga 2340 ggctcatcac accccagact ctgaacttaa ctgctgtcaa tgaagctgta ctgatagaaa 2400 atctggaaat attcagaaag aatggctttg actttgtcat tgatgaggat gctccagtca 2460 ctgaaagggc taaattgatt tccttaccaa ctagtaaaaa ctggaccttt ggaccccaag 2520 atatagatga actgatcttt atgttaagtg acagccctgg ggtcatgtgc cggccctcac 2580 gagtcagaca gatgtttgct tccagagcct gtcggaagtc agtgatgatt ggaacggcgc 2640 tcaatgcgag cgagatgaag aagctcatca cccacatggg tgagatggac cacccctgga 2700 actgccccca cggcaggcca accatgaggc acgttgccaa tctggatgtc atctctcaga 2760 actgacacac cccttgtagc atagagttta ttacagattg ttcggtttgc aaagagaagg 2820 ttttaagtaa tctgattatc gttgtacaaa aattagcatg ctgctttaat gtactggatc 2880 catttaaaag cagtgttaag gcaggcatga tggagtgttc ctctagctca gctacttggg 2940 tgatccggtg ggagctcatg tgagcccagg actttgagac cactccgagc cacattcatg 3000 agactcaatt caaggacaaa aaaaaaaaga tatttttgaa gccttttaaa aaaaaa 3056 7 2771 DNA Homo sapiens 7 cgaggcggat cgggtgttgc atccatggag cgagctgaga gctcgagtac agaacctgct 60 aaggccatca aacctattga tcggaagtca gtccatcaga tttgctctgg gcaggtggta 120 ctgagtctaa gcactgcggt aaaggagtta gtagaaaaca gtctggatgc tggtgccact 180 aatattgatc taaagcttaa ggactatgga gtggatctta ttgaagtttc agacaatgga 240 tgtggggtag aagaagaaaa cttcgaaggc ttaactctga aacatcacac atctaagatt 300 caagagtttg ccgacctaac tcaggttgaa acttttggct ttcgggggga agctctgagc 360 tcactttgtg cactgagcga tgtcaccatt tctacctgcc acgcatcggc gaaggttgga 420 actcgactga tgtttgatca caatgggaaa attatccaga aaacccccta cccccgcccc 480 agagggacca cagtcagcgt gcagcagtta ttttccacac tacctgtgcg ccataaggaa 540 tttcaaagga atattaagaa ggagtatgcc aaaatggtcc aggtcttaca tgcatactgt 600 atcatttcag caggcatccg tgtaagttgc accaatcagc ttggacaagg aaaacgacag 660 cctgtggtat gcacaggtgg aagccccagc ataaaggaaa atatcggctc tgtgtttggg 720 cagaagcagt tgcaaagcct cattcctttt gttcagctgc cccctagtga ctccgtgtgt 780 gaagagtacg gtttgagctg ttcggatgct ctgcataatc ttttttacat ctcaggtttc 840 atttcacaat gcacgcatgg agttggaagg agttcaacag acagacagtt tttctttatc 900 aaccggcggc cttgtgaccc agcaaaggtc tgcagactcg tgaatgaggt ctaccacatg 960 tataatcgac accagtatcc atttgttgtt cttaacattt ctgttgattc agaatgcgtt 1020 gatatcaatg ttactccaga taaaaggcaa attttgctac aagaggaaaa gcttttgttg 1080 gcagttttaa agacctcttt gataggaatg tttgatagtg atgtcaacaa gctaaatgtc 1140 agtcagcagc cactgctgga tgttgaaggt aacttaataa aaatgcatgc agcggatttg 1200 gaaaagccca tggtagaaaa gcaggatcaa tccccttcat taaggactgg agaagaaaaa 1260 aaagacgtgt ccatttccag actgcgagag gccttttctc ttcgtcacac aacagagaac 1320 aagcctcaca gcccaaagac tccagaacca agaaggagcc ctctaggaca gaaaaggggt 1380 atgctgtctt ctagcacttc aggtgccatc tctgacaaag gcgtcctgag acctcagaaa 1440 gaggcagtga gttccagtca cggacccagt gaccctacgg acagagcgga ggtggagaag 1500 gactcggggc acggcagcac ttccgtggat tctgaggggt tcagcatccc agacacgggc 1560 agtcactgca gcagcgagta tgcggccagc tccccagggg acaggggctc gcaggaacat 1620 gtggactctc aggagaaagc gcctgaaact gacgactctt tttcagatgt ggactgccat 1680 tcaaaccagg aagataccgg atgtaaattt cgagttttgc ctcagccaac taatctcgca 1740 accccaaaca caaagcgttt taaaaaagaa gaaattcttt ccagttctga catttgtcaa 1800 aagttagtaa atactcagga catgtcagcc tctcaggttg atgtagctgt gaaaattaat 1860 aagaaagttg tgcccctgga cttttctatg agttctttag ctaaacgaat aaagcagtta 1920 catcatgaag cacagcaaag tgaaggggaa cagaattaca ggaagtttag ggcaaagatt 1980 tgtcctggag aaaatcaagc agccgaagat gaactaagaa aagagataag taaaacgatg 2040 tttgcagaaa tggaaatcat tggtcagttt aacctgggat ttataataac caaactgaat 2100 gaggatatct tcatagtgga ccagcatgcc acggacgaga agtataactt cgagatgctg 2160 cagcagcaca ccgtgctcca ggggcagagg ctcatagcac ctcagactct caacttaact 2220 gctgttaatg aagctgttct gatagaaaat ctggaaatat ttagaaagaa tggctttgat 2280 tttgttatcg atgaaaatgc tccagtcact gaaagggcta aactgatttc cttgccaact 2340 agtaaaaact ggaccttcgg accccaggac gtcgatgaac tgatcttcat gctgagcgac 2400 agccctgggg tcatgtgccg gccttcccga gtcaagcaga tgtttgcctc cagagcctgc 2460 cggaagtcgg tgatgattgg gactgctctt aacacaagcg agatgaagaa actgatcacc 2520 cacatggggg agatggacca cccctggaac tgtccccatg gaaggccaac catgagacac 2580 atcgccaacc tgggtgtcat ttctcagaac tgaccgtagt cactgtatgg aataattggt 2640 tttatcgcag atttttatgt tttgaaagac agagtcttca ctaacctttt ttgttttaaa 2700 atgaaacctg ctacttaaaa aaaatacaca tcacacccat ttaaaagtga tcttgagaac 2760 cttttcaaac c 2771 8 3063 DNA Homo sapiens 8 ggcacgagtg gctgcttgcg gctagtggat ggtaattgcc tgcctcgcgc tagcagcaag 60 ctgctctgtt aaaagcgaaa atgaaacaat tgcctgcggc aacagttcga ctcctttcaa 120 gttctcagat catcacttcg gtggtcagtg ttgtaaaaga gcttattgaa aactccttgg 180 atgctggtgc cacaagcgta gatgttaaac tggagaacta tggatttgat aaaattgagg 240 tgcgagataa cggggagggt atcaaggctg ttgatgcacc tgtaatggca atgaagtact 300 acacctcaaa aataaatagt catgaagatc ttgaaaattt gacaacttac ggttttcgtg 360 gagaagcctt ggggtcaatt tgttgtatag ctgaggtttt aattacaaca agaacggctg 420 ctgataattt tagcacccag tatgttttag atggcagtgg ccacatactt tctcagaaac 480 cttcacatct tggtcaaggt acaactgtaa ctgctttaag attatttaag aatctacctg 540 taagaaagca gttttactca actgcaaaaa aatgtaaaga tgaaataaaa aagatccaag 600 atctcctcat gagctttggt atccttaaac ctgacttaag gattgtcttt gtacataaca 660 aggcagttat ttggcagaaa agcagagtat cagatcacaa gatggctctc atgtcagttc 720 tggggactgc tgttatgaac aatatggaat cctttcagta ccactctgaa gaatctcaga 780 tttatctcag tggatttctt ccaaagtgtg atgcagacca ctctttcact agtctttcaa 840 caccagaaag aagtttcatc ttcataaaca gtcgaccagt acatcaaaaa gatatcttaa 900 agttaatccg acatcattac aatctgaaat gcctaaagga atctactcgt ttgtatcctg 960 ttttctttct gaaaatcgat gttcctacag ctgatgttga tgtaaattta acaccagata 1020 aaagccaagt attattacaa aataaggaat ctgttttaat tgctcttgaa aatctgatga 1080 cgacttgtta tggaccatta cctagtacaa attcttatga aaataataaa acagatgttt 1140 ccgcagctga catcgttctt agtaaaacag cagaaacaga tgtgcttttt aataaagtgg 1200 aatcatctgg aaagaattat tcaaatgttg atacttcagt cattccattc caaaatgata 1260 tgcataatga tgaatctgga aaaaacactg atgattgttt aaatcaccag ataagtattg 1320 gtgactttgg ttatggtcat tgtagtagtg aaatttctaa cattgataaa aacactaaga 1380 atgcatttca ggacatttca atgagtaatg tatcatggga gaactctcag acggaatata 1440 gtaaaacttg ttttataagt tccgttaagc acacccagtc agaaaatggc aataaagacc 1500 atatagatga gagtggggaa aatgaggaag aagcaggtct tgaaaactct tcggaaattt 1560 ctgcagatga gtggagcagg ggaaatatac ttaaaaattc agtgggagag aatattgaac 1620 ctgtgaaaat tttagtgcct gaaaaaagtt taccatgtaa agtaagtaat aataattatc 1680 caatccctga acaaatgaat cttaatgaag attcatgtaa caaaaaatca aatgtaatag 1740 ataataaatc tggaaaagtt acagcttatg atttacttag caatcgagta atcaagaaac 1800 ccatgtcagc aagtgctctt tttgttcaag atcatcgtcc tcagtttctc atagaaaatc 1860 ctaagactag tttagaggat gcaacactac aaattgaaga actgtggaag acattgagtg 1920 aagaggaaaa actgaaatat gaagagaagg ctactaaaga cttggaacga tacaatagtc 1980 aaatgaagag agccattgaa caggagtcac aaatgtcact aaaagatggc agaaaaaaga 2040 taaaacccac cagcgcatgg aatttggccc agaagcacaa gttaaaaacc tcattatcta 2100 atcaaccaaa acttgatgaa ctccttcagt cccaaattga aaaaagaagg agtcaaaata 2160 ttaaaatggt acagatcccc ttttctatga aaaacttaaa aataaatttt aagaaacaaa 2220 acaaagttga cttagaagag aaggatgaac cttgcttgat ccacaatctc aggtttcctg 2280 atgcatggct aatgacatcc aaaacagagg taatgttatt aaatccatat agagtagaag 2340 aagccctgct atttaaaaga cttcttgaga atcataaact tcctgcagag ccactggaaa 2400 agccaattat gttaacagag agtcttttta atggatctca ttatttagac gttttatata 2460 aaatgacagc agatgaccaa agatacagtg gatcaactta cctgtctgat cctcgtctta 2520 cagcgaatgg tttcaagata aaattgatac caggagtttc aattactgaa aattacttgg 2580 aaatagaagg aatggctaat tgtctcccat tctatggagt agcagattta aaagaaattc 2640 ttaatgctat attaaacaga aatgcaaagg aagtttatga atgtagacct cgcaaagtga 2700 taagttattt agagggagaa gcagtgcgtc tatccagaca attacccatg tacttatcaa 2760 aagaggacat ccaagacatt atctacagaa tgaagcacca gtttggaaat gaaattaaag 2820 agtgtgttca tggtcgccca ttttttcatc atttaaccta tcttccagaa actacatgat 2880 taaatatgtt taagaagatt agttaccatt gaaattggtt ctgtcataaa acagcatgag 2940 tctggtttta aattatcttt gtattatgtg tcacatggtt attttttaaa tgaggattca 3000 ctgacttgtt tttatattga aaaaagttcc acgtattgta gaaaacgtaa ataaactaat 3060 aac 3063 9 3145 DNA Homo sapiens 9 ggcgggaaac agcttagtgg gtgtggggtc gcgcattttc ttcaaccagg aggtgaggag 60 gtttcgacat ggcggtgcag ccgaaggaga cgctgcagtt ggagagcgcg gccgaggtcg 120 gcttcgtgcg cttctttcag ggcatgccgg agaagccgac caccacagtg cgccttttcg 180 accggggcga cttctatacg gcgcacggcg aggacgcgct gctggccgcc cgggaggtgt 240 tcaagaccca gggggtgatc aagtacatgg ggccggcagg agcaaagaat ctgcagagtg 300 ttgtgcttag taaaatgaat tttgaatctt ttgtaaaaga tcttcttctg gttcgtcagt 360 atagagttga agtttataag aatagagctg gaaataaggc atccaaggag aatgattggt 420 atttggcata taaggcttct cctggcaatc tctctcagtt tgaagacatt ctctttggta 480 acaatgatat gtcagcttcc attggtgttg tgggtgttaa aatgtccgca gttgatggcc 540 agagacaggt tggagttggg tatgtggatt ccatacagag gaaactagga ctgtgtgaat 600 tccctgataa tgatcagttc tccaatcttg aggctctcct catccagatt ggaccaaagg 660 aatgtgtttt acccggagga gagactgctg gagacatggg gaaactgaga cagataattc 720 aaagaggagg aattctgatc acagaaagaa aaaaagctga cttttccaca aaagacattt 780 atcaggacct caaccggttg ttgaaaggca aaaagggaga gcagatgaat agtgctgtat 840 tgccagaaat ggagaatcag gttgcagttt catcactgtc tgcggtaatc aagtttttag 900 aactcttatc agatgattcc aactttggac agtttgaact gactactttt gacttcagcc 960 agtatatgaa attggatatt gcagcagtca gagcccttaa cctttttcag ggttctgttg 1020 aagataccac tggctctcag tctctggctg ccttgctgaa taagtgtaaa acccctcaag 1080 gacaaagact tgttaaccag tggattaagc agcctctcat ggataagaac agaatagagg 1140 agagattgaa tttagtggaa gcttttgtag aagatgcaga attgaggcag actttacaag 1200 aagatttact tcgtcgattc ccagatctta accgacttgc caagaagttt caaagacaag 1260 cagcaaactt acaagattgt taccgactct atcagggtat aaatcaacta cctaatgtta 1320 tacaggctct ggaaaaacat gaaggaaaac accagaaatt attgttggca gtttttgtga 1380 ctcctcttac tgatcttcgt tctgacttct ccaagtttca ggaaatgata gaaacaactt 1440 tagatatgga tcaggtggaa aaccatgaat tccttgtaaa accttcattt gatcctaatc 1500 tcagtgaatt aagagaaata atgaatgact tggaaaagaa gatgcagtca acattaataa 1560 gtgcagccag agatcttggc ttggaccctg gcaaacagat taaactggat tccagtgcac 1620 agtttggata ttactttcgt gtaacctgta aggaagaaaa agtccttcgt aacaataaaa 1680 actttagtac tgtagatatc cagaagaatg gtgttaaatt taccaacagc aaattgactt 1740 ctttaaatga agagtatacc aaaaataaaa cagaatatga agaagcccag gatgccattg 1800 ttaaagaaat tgtcaatatt tcttcaggct atgtagaacc aatgcagaca ctcaatgatg 1860 tgttagctca gctagatgct gttgtcagct ttgctcacgt gtcaaatgga gcacctgttc 1920 catatgtacg accagccatt ttggagaaag gacaaggaag aattatatta aaagcatcca 1980 ggcatgcttg tgttgaagtt caagatgaaa ttgcatttat tcctaatgac gtatactttg 2040 aaaaagataa acagatgttc cacatcatta ctggccccaa tatgggaggt aaatcaacat 2100 atattcgaca aactggggtg atagtactca tggcccaaat tgggtgtttt gtgccatgtg 2160 agtcagcaga agtgtccatt gtggactgca tcttagcccg agtaggggct ggtgacagtc 2220 aattgaaagg agtctccacg ttcatggctg aaatgttgga aactgcttct atcctcaggt 2280 ctgcaaccaa agattcatta ataatcatag atgaattggg aagaggaact tctacctacg 2340 atggatttgg gttagcatgg gctatatcag aatacattgc aacaaagatt ggtgcttttt 2400 gcatgtttgc aacccatttt catgaactta ctgccttggc caatcagata ccaactgtta 2460 ataatctaca tgtcacagca ctcaccactg aagagacctt aactatgctt tatcaggtga 2520 agaaaggtgt ctgtgatcaa agttttggga ttcatgttgc agagcttgct aatttcccta 2580 agcatgtaat agagtgtgct aaacagaaag ccctggaact tgaggagttt cagtatattg 2640 gagaatcgca aggatatgat atcatggaac cagcagcaaa gaagtgctat ctggaaagag 2700 agcaaggtga aaaaattatt caggagttcc tgtccaaggt gaaacaaatg ccctttactg 2760 aaatgtcaga agaaaacatc acaataaagt taaaacagct aaaagctgaa gtaatagcaa 2820 agaataatag ctttgtaaat gaaatcattt cacgaataaa agttactacg tgaaaaatcc 2880 cagtaatgga atgaaggtaa tattgataag ctattgtctg taatagtttt atattgtttt 2940 atattaaccc tttttccata gtgttaactg tcagtgccca tgggctatca acttaataag 3000 atatttagta atattttact ttgaggacat tttcaaagat ttttattttg aaaaatgaga 3060 gctgtaactg aggactgttt gcaattgaca taggcaataa taagtgatgt gctgaatttt 3120 ataaataaaa tcatgtagtt tgtgg 3145 10 2484 DNA Homo sapiens 10 cttggctctt ctggcgccaa aatgtcgttc gtggcagggg ttattcggcg gctggacgag 60 acagtggtga accgcatcgc ggcgggggaa gttatccagc ggccagctaa tgctatcaaa 120 gagatgattg agaactgttt agatgcaaaa tccacaagta ttcaagtgat tgttaaagag 180 ggaggcctga agttgattca gatccaagac aatggcaccg ggatcaggaa agaagatctg 240 gatattgtat gtgaaaggtt cactactagt aaactgcagt cctttgagga tttagccagt 300 atttctacct atggctttcg aggtgaggct ttggccagca taagccatgt ggctcatgtt 360 actattacaa cgaaaacagc tgatggaaag tgtgcataca gagcaagtta ctcagatgga 420 aaactgaaag cccctcctaa accatgtgct ggcaatcaag ggacccagat cacggtggag 480 gacctttttt acaacatagc cacgaggaga aaagctttaa aaaatccaag tgaagaatat 540 gggaaaattt tggaagttgt tggcaggtat tcagtacaca atgcaggcat tagtttctca 600 gttaaaaaac aaggagagac agtagctgat gttaggacac tacccaatgc ctcaaccgtg 660 gacaatattc gctccatctt tggaaatgct gttagtcgag aactgataga aattggatgt 720 gaggataaaa ccctagcctt caaaatgaat ggttacatat ccaatgcaaa ctactcagtg 780 aagaagtgca tcttcttact cttcatcaac catcgtctgg tagaatcaac ttccttgaga 840 aaagccatag aaacagtgta tgcagcctat ttgcccaaaa acacacaccc attcctgtac 900 ctcagtttag aaatcagtcc ccagaatgtg gatgttaatg tgcaccccac aaagcatgaa 960 gttcacttcc tgcacgagga gagcatcctg gagcgggtgc agcagcacat cgagagcaag 1020 ctcctgggct ccaattcctc caggatgtac ttcacccaga ctttgctacc aggacttgct 1080 ggcccctctg gggagatggt taaatccaca acaagtctga cctcgtcttc tacttctgga 1140 agtagtgata aggtctatgc ccaccagatg gttcgtacag attcccggga acagaagctt 1200 gatgcatttc tgcagcctct gagcaaaccc ctgtccagtc agccccaggc cattgtcaca 1260 gaggataaga cagatatttc tagtggcagg gctaggcagc aagatgagga gatgcttgaa 1320 ctcccagccc ctgctgaagt ggctgccaaa aatcagagct tggaggggga tacaacaaag 1380 gggacttcag aaatgtcaga gaagagagga cctacttcca gcaaccccag aaagagacat 1440 cgggaagatt ctgatgtgga aatggtggaa gatgattccc gaaaggaaat gactgcagct 1500 tgtacccccc ggagaaggat cattaacctc actagtgttt tgagtctcca ggaagaaatt 1560 aatgagcagg gacatgaggt tctccgggag atgttgcata accactcctt cgtgggctgt 1620 gtgaatcctc agtgggcctt ggcacagcat caaaccaagt tataccttct caacaccacc 1680 aagcttagtg aagaactgtt ctaccagata ctcatttatg attttgccaa ttttggtgtt 1740 ctcaggttat cggagccagc accgctcttt gaccttgcca tgcttgcctt agatagtcca 1800 gagagtggct ggacagagga agatggtccc aaagaaggac ttgctgaata cattgttgag 1860 tttctgaaga agaaggctga gatgcttgca gactatttct ctttggaaat tgatgaggaa 1920 gggaacctga ttggattacc ccttctgatt gacaactatg tgcccccttt ggagggactg 1980 cctatcttca ttcttcgact agccactgag gtgaattggg acgaagaaaa ggaatgtttt 2040 gaaagcctca gtaaagaatg cgctatgttc tattccatcc ggaagcagta catatctgag 2100 gagtcgaccc tctcaggcca gcagagtgaa gtgcctggct ccattccaaa ctcctggaag 2160 tggactgtgg aacacattgt ctataaagcc ttgcgctcac acattctgcc tcctaaacat 2220 ttcacagaag atggaaatat cctgcagctt gctaacctgc ctgatctata caaagtcttt 2280 gagaggtgtt aaatatggtt atttatgcac tgtgggatgt gttcttcttt ctctgtattc 2340 cgatacaaag tgttgtatca aagtgtgata tacaaagtgt accaacataa gtgttggtag 2400 cacttaagac ttatacttgc cttctgatag tattccttta tacacagtgg attgattata 2460 aataaataga tgtgtcttaa cata 2484 11 426 DNA Homo sapiens 11 cgaggcggat cgggtgttgc atccatggag cgagctgaga gctcgagtac agaacctgct 60 aaggccatca aacctattga tcggaagtca gtccatcaga tttgctctgg gcaggtggta 120 ctgagtctaa gcactgcggt aaaggagtta gtagaaaaca gtctggatgc tggtgccact 180 aatattgatc taaagcttaa ggactatgga gtggatctta ttgaagtttc agacaatgga 240 tgtggggtag aagaagaaaa cttcgaaggc ttaactctga aacatcacac atctaagatt 300 caagagtttg ccgacctaac tcaggttgaa acttttggct ttcgggggga agctctgagc 360 tcactttgtg cactgagcga tgtcaccatt tctacctgcc acgcatcggc gaaggttgga 420 acttga 426 12 1408 DNA Homo sapiens 12 ggcgctccta cctgcaagtg gctagtgcca agtgctgggc cgccgctcct gccgtgcatg 60 ttggggagcc agtacatgca ggtgggctcc acacggagag gggcgcagac ccggtgacag 120 ggctttacct ggtacatcgg catggcgcaa ccaaagcaag agagggtggc gcgtgccaga 180 caccaacggt cggaaaccgc cagacaccaa cggtcggaaa ccgccaagac accaacgctc 240 ggaaaccgcc agacaccaac gctcggaaac cgccagacac caaggctcgg aatccacgcc 300 aggccacgac ggagggcgac tacctccctt ctgaccctgc tgctggcgtt cggaaaaaac 360 gcagtccggt gtgctctgat tggtccaggc tctttgacgt cacggactcg acctttgaca 420 gagccactag gcgaaaagga gagacgggaa gtattttttc cgccccgccc ggaaagggtg 480 gagcacaacg tcgaaagcag ccgttgggag cccaggaggc ggggcgcctg tgggagccgt 540 ggagggaact ttcccagtcc ccgaggcgga tccggtgttg catccttgga gcgagctgag 600 aactcgagta cagaacctgc taaggccatc aaacctattg atcggaagtc agtccatcag 660 atttgctctg ggccggtggt accgagtcta aggccgaatg cggtgaagga gttagtagaa 720 aacagtctgg atgctggtgc cactaatgtt gatctaaagc ttaaggacta tggagtggat 780 ctcattgaag tttcaggcaa tggatgtggg gtagaagaag aaaacttcga aggctttact 840 ctgaaacatc acacatgtaa gattcaagag tttgccgacc taactcaggt ggaaactttt 900 ggctttcggg gggaagctct gagctcactt tgtgcactga gtgatgtcac catttctacc 960 tgccgtgtat cagcgaaggt tgggactcga ctggtgtttg atcactatgg gaaaatcatc 1020 cagaaaaccc cctacccccg ccccagaggg atgacagtca gcgtgaagca gttattttct 1080 acgctacctg tgcaccataa agaatttcaa aggaatatta agaagaaacg tgcctgcttc 1140 cccttcgcct tctgccgtga ttgtcagttt cctgaggcct ccccagccat gcttcctgta 1200 cagcctgtag aactgactcc tagaagtacc ccaccccacc cctgctcctt ggaggacaac 1260 gtgatcactg tattcagctc tgtcaagaat ggtccaggtt cttctagatg atctgcacaa 1320 atggttcctc tcctccttcc tgatgtctgc cattagcatt ggaataaagt tcctgctgaa 1380 aatccaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa 1408 13 1785 DNA Homo sapiens 13 tttttagaaa ctgatgttta ttttccatca accatttttc catgctgctt aagagaatat 60 gcaagaacag cttaagacca gtcagtggtt gctcctaccc attcagtggc ctgagcagtg 120 gggagctgca gaccagtctt ccgtggcagg ctgagcgctc cagtcttcag tagggaattg 180 ctgaataggc acagagggca cctgtacacc ttcagaccag tctgcaacct caggctgagt 240 agcagtgaac tcaggagcgg gagcagtcca ttcaccctga aattcctcct tggtcactgc 300 cttctcagca gcagcctgct cttctttttc aatctcttca ggatctctgt agaagtacag 360 atcaggcatg acctcccatg ggtgttcacg ggaaatggtg ccacgcatgc gcagaacttc 420 ccgagccagc atccaccaca ttaaacccac tgagtgagct cccttgttgt tgcatgggat 480 ggcaatgtcc acatagcgca gaggagaatc tgtgttacac agcgcaatgg taggtaggtt 540 aacataagat gcctccgtga gaggcgaagg ggcggcggga cccgggcctg gcccgtatgt 600 gtccttggcg gcctagacta ggccgtcgct gtatggtgag ccccagggag gcggatctgg 660 gcccccagaa ggacacccgc ctggatttgc cccgtagccc ggcccgggcc cctcgggagc 720 agaacagcct tggtgaggtg gacaggaggg gacctcgcga gcagacgcgc gcgccagcga 780 cagcagcccc gccccggcct ctcgggagcc ggggggcaga ggctgcggag ccccaggagg 840 gtctatcagc cacagtctct gcatgtttcc aagagcaaca ggaaatgaac acattgcagg 900 ggccagtgtc attcaaagat gtggctgtgg atttcaccca ggaggagtgg cggcaactgg 960 accctgatga gaagatagca tacggggatg tgatgttgga gaactacagc catctagttt 1020 ctgtggggta tgattatcac caagccaaac atcatcatgg agtggaggtg aaggaagtgg 1080 agcagggaga ggagccgtgg ataatggaag gtgaatttcc atgtcaacat agtccagaac 1140 ctgctaaggc catcaaacct attgatcgga agtcagtcca tcagatttgc tctgggccag 1200 tggtactgag tctaagcact gcagtgaagg agttagtaga aaacagtctg gatgctggtg 1260 ccactaatat tgatctaaag cttaaggact atggagtgga tctcattgaa gtttcagaca 1320 atggatgtgg ggtagaagaa gaaaactttg aaggcttaat ctctttcagc tctgaaacat 1380 cacacatgta agattcaaga gtttgccgac ctaactgaag ttgaaacttt cggttttcag 1440 ggggaagctc tgagctcact gtgtgcactg agcgatgtca ccatttctac ctgccacgcg 1500 ttggtgaagg ttgggactcg actggtgttt gatcacgatg ggaaaatcat ccaggaaacc 1560 ccctaccccc accccagagg gaccacagtc agcgtgaagc agttattttc tacgctacct 1620 gtgcgccata aggaatttca aaggaatatt aagaagacgt gcctgcttcc ccttcgcctt 1680 ctgccgtgat tgtcagtttc ctgaggcctc cccagccatg cttcctgtac agcctgcaga 1740 actgtgagtc aattaaacct cttttcttca taaattaaaa aaaaa 1785 14 795 DNA Homo sapiens 14 atgtgtcctt ggcggcctag actaggccgt cgctgtatgg tgagccccag ggaggcggat 60 ctgggccccc agaaggacac ccgcctggat ttgccccgta gcccggcccg ggcccctcgg 120 gagcagaaca gccttggtga ggtggacagg aggggacctc gcgagcagac gcgcgcgcca 180 gcgacagcag ccccgccccg gcctctcggg agccgggggg cagaggctgc ggagccccag 240 gagggtctat cagccacagt ctctgcatgt ttccaagagc aacaggaaat gaacacattg 300 caggggccag tgtcattcaa agatgtggct gtggatttca cccaggagga gtggcggcaa 360 ctggaccctg atgagaagat agcatacggg gatgtgatgt tggagaacta cagccatcta 420 gtttctgtgg ggtatgatta tcaccaagcc aaacatcatc atggagtgga ggtgaaggaa 480 gtggagcagg gagaggagcc gtggataatg gaaggtgaat ttccatgtca acatagtcca 540 gaacctgcta aggccatcaa acctattgat cggaagtcag tccatcagat ttgctctggg 600 ccagtggtac tgagtctaag cactgcagtg aaggagttag tagaaaacag tctggatgct 660 ggtgccacta atattgatct aaagcttaag gactatggag tggatctcat tgaagtttca 720 gacaatggat gtggggtaga agaagaaaac tttgaaggct taatctcttt cagctctgaa 780 acatcacaca tgtaa 795 15 769 PRT Saccharomyces cerevisiae 15 Met Ser Leu Arg Ile Lys Ala Leu Asp Ala Ser Val Val Asn Lys Ile 1 5 10 15 Ala Ala Gly Glu Ile Ile Ile Ser Pro Val Asn Ala Leu Lys Glu Met 20 25 30 Met Glu Asn Ser Ile Asp Ala Asn Ala Thr Met Ile Asp Ile Leu Val 35 40 45 Lys Glu Gly Gly Ile Lys Val Leu Gln Ile Thr Asp Asn Gly Ser Gly 50 55 60 Ile Asn Lys Ala Asp Leu Pro Ile Leu Cys Glu Arg Phe Thr Thr Ser 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Gln Lys Phe Glu Asp Leu Ser Gln Ile Gln Thr Tyr Gly Phe 85 90 95 Arg Gly Glu Ala Leu Ala Ser Ile Ser His Val Ala Arg Val Thr Val 100 105 110 Thr Thr Lys Val Lys Glu Asp Arg Cys Ala Trp Arg Val Ser Tyr Ala 115 120 125 Glu Gly Lys Met Leu Glu Ser Pro Lys Pro Val Ala Gly Lys Asp Gly 130 135 140 Thr Thr Ile Leu Val Glu Asp Leu Phe Phe Asn Ile Pro Ser Arg Leu 145 150 155 160 Arg Ala Leu Arg Ser His Asn Asp Glu Tyr Ser Lys Ile Leu Asp Val 165 170 175 Val Gly Arg Tyr Ala Ile His Ser Lys Asp Ile Gly Phe Ser Cys Lys 180 185 190 Lys Phe Gly Asp Ser Asn Tyr Ser Leu Ser Val Lys Pro Ser Tyr Thr 195 200 205 Val Gln Asp Arg Ile Arg Thr Val Phe Asn Lys Ser Val Ala Ser Asn 210 215 220 Leu Ile Thr Phe His Ile Ser Lys Val Glu Asp Leu Asn Leu Glu Ser 225 230 235 240 Val Asp Gly Lys Val Cys Asn Leu Asn Phe Ile Ser Lys Lys Ser Ile 245 250 255 Ser Leu Ile Phe Phe Ile Asn Asn Arg Leu Val Thr Cys Asp Leu Leu 260 265 270 Arg Arg Ala Leu Asn Ser Val Tyr Ser Asn Tyr Leu Pro Lys Gly Phe 275 280 285 Arg Pro Phe Ile Tyr Leu Gly Ile Val Ile Asp Pro Ala Ala Val Asp 290 295 300 Val Asn Val His Pro Thr Lys Arg Glu Val Arg Phe Leu Ser Gln Asp 305 310 315 320 Glu Ile Ile Glu Lys Ile Ala Asn Gln Leu His Ala Glu Leu Ser Ala 325 330 335 Ile Asp Thr Ser Arg Thr Phe Lys Ala Ser Ser Ile Ser Thr Asn Lys 340 345 350 Pro Glu Ser Leu Ile Pro Phe Asn Asp Thr Ile Glu Ser Asp Arg Asn 355 360 365 Arg Lys Ser Leu Arg Gln Ala Gln Val Val Glu Asn Ser Tyr Thr Thr 370 375 380 Ala Asn Ser Gln Leu Arg Lys Ala Lys Arg Gln Glu Asn Lys Leu Val 385 390 395 400 Arg Ile Asp Ala Ser Gln Ala Lys Ile Thr Ser Phe Leu Ser Ser Ser 405 410 415 Gln Gln Phe Asn Phe Glu Gly Ser Ser Thr Lys Arg Gln Leu Ser Glu 420 425 430 Pro Lys Val Thr Asn Val Ser His Ser Gln Glu Ala Glu Lys Leu Thr 435 440 445 Leu Asn Glu Ser Glu Gln Pro Arg Asp Ala Asn Thr Ile Asn Asp Asn 450 455 460 Asp Leu Lys Asp Gln Pro Lys Lys Lys Gln Lys Leu Gly Asp Tyr Lys 465 470 475 480 Val Pro Ser Ile Ala Asp Asp Glu Lys Asn Ala Leu Pro Ile Ser Lys 485 490 495 Asp Gly Tyr Ile Arg Val Pro Lys Glu Arg Val Asn Val Asn Leu Thr 500 505 510 Ser Ile Lys Lys Leu Arg Glu Lys Val Asp Asp Ser Ile His Arg Glu 515 520 525 Leu Thr Asp Ile Phe Ala Asn Leu Asn Tyr Val Gly Val Val Asp Glu 530 535 540 Glu Arg Arg Leu Ala Ala Ile Gln His Asp Leu Lys Leu Phe Leu Ile 545 550 555 560 Asp Tyr Gly Ser Val Cys Tyr Glu Leu Phe Tyr Gln Ile Gly Leu Thr 565 570 575 Asp Phe Ala Asn Phe Gly Lys Ile Asn Leu Gln Ser Thr Asn Val Ser 580 585 590 Asp Asp Ile Val Leu Tyr Asn Leu Leu Ser Glu Phe Asp Glu Leu Asn 595 600 605 Asp Asp Ala Ser Lys Glu Lys Ile Ile Ser Lys Ile Trp Asp Met Ser 610 615 620 Ser Met Leu Asn Glu Tyr Tyr Ser Ile Glu Leu Val Asn Asp Gly Leu 625 630 635 640 Asp Asn Asp Leu Lys Ser Val Lys Leu Lys Ser Leu Pro Leu Leu Leu 645 650 655 Lys Gly Tyr Ile Pro Ser Leu Val Lys Leu Pro Phe Phe Ile Tyr Arg 660 665 670 Leu Gly Lys Glu Val Asp Trp Glu Asp Glu Gln Glu Cys Leu Asp Gly 675 680 685 Ile Leu Arg Glu Ile Ala Leu Leu Tyr Ile Pro Asp Met Val Pro Lys 690 695 700 Val Asp Thr Leu Asp Ala Ser Leu Ser Glu Asp Glu Lys Ala Gln Phe 705 710 715 720 Ile Asn Arg Lys Glu His Ile Ser Ser Leu Leu Glu His Val Leu Phe 725 730 735 Pro Cys Ile Lys Arg Arg Phe Leu Ala Pro Arg His Ile Leu Lys Asp 740 745 750 Val Val Glu Ile Ala Asn Leu Pro Asp Leu Tyr Lys Val Phe Glu Arg 755 760 765 Cys 16 859 PRT Mus musculus 16 Met Glu Gln Thr Glu Gly Val Ser Thr Glu Cys Ala Lys Ala Ile Lys 1 5 10 15 Pro Ile Asp Gly Lys Ser Val His Gln Ile Cys Ser Gly Gln Val Ile 20 25 30 Leu Ser Leu Ser Thr Ala Val Lys Glu Leu Ile Glu Asn Ser Val Asp 35 40 45 Ala Gly Ala Thr Thr Ile Asp Leu Arg Leu Lys Asp Tyr Gly Val Asp 50 55 60 Leu Ile Glu Val Ser Asp Asn Gly Cys Gly Val Glu Glu Glu Asn Phe 65 70 75 80 Glu Gly Leu Ala Leu Lys His His Thr Ser Lys Ile Gln Glu Phe Ala 85 90 95 Asp Leu Thr Gln Val Glu Thr Phe Gly Phe Arg Gly Glu Ala Leu Ser 100 105 110 Ser Leu Cys Ala Leu Ser Asp Val Thr Ile Ser Thr Cys His Gly Ser 115 120 125 Ala Ser Val Gly Thr Arg Leu Val Phe Asp His Asn Gly Lys Ile Thr 130 135 140 Gln Lys Thr Pro Tyr Pro Arg Pro Lys Gly Thr Thr Val Ser Val Gln 145 150 155 160 His Leu Phe Tyr Thr Leu Pro Val Arg Tyr Lys Glu Phe Gln Arg Asn 165 170 175 Ile Lys Lys Glu Tyr Ser Lys Met Val Gln Val Leu Gln Ala Tyr Cys 180 185 190 Ile Ile Ser Ala Gly Val Arg Val Ser Cys Thr Asn Gln Leu Gly Gln 195 200 205 Gly Lys Arg His Ala Val Val Cys Thr Ser Gly Thr Ser Gly Met Lys 210 215 220 Glu Asn Ile Gly Ser Val Phe Gly Gln Lys Gln Leu Gln Ser Leu Ile 225 230 235 240 Pro Phe Val Gln Leu Pro Pro Ser Asp Ala Val Cys Glu Glu Tyr Gly 245 250 255 Leu Ser Thr Ser Gly Arg His Lys Thr Phe Ser Thr Phe Arg Ala Ser 260 265 270 Phe His Ser Ala Arg Thr Ala Pro Gly Gly Val Gln Gln Thr Gly Ser 275 280 285 Phe Ser Ser Ser Ile Arg Gly Pro Val Thr Gln Gln Arg Ser Leu Ser 290 295 300 Leu Ser Met Arg Phe Tyr His Met Tyr Asn Arg His Gln Tyr Pro Phe 305 310 315 320 Val Val Leu Asn Val Ser Val Asp Ser Glu Cys Val Asp Ile Asn Val 325 330 335 Thr Pro Asp Lys Arg Gln Ile Leu Leu Gln Glu Glu Lys Leu Leu Leu 340 345 350 Ala Val Leu Lys Thr Ser Leu Ile Gly Met Phe Asp Ser Asp Ala Asn 355 360 365 Lys Leu Asn Val Asn Gln Gln Pro Leu Leu Asp Val Glu Gly Asn Leu 370 375 380 Val Lys Leu His Thr Ala Glu Leu Glu Lys Pro Val Pro Gly Lys Gln 385 390 395 400 Asp Asn Ser Pro Ser Leu Lys Ser Thr Ala Asp Glu Lys Arg Val Ala 405 410 415 Ser Ile Ser Arg Leu Arg Glu Ala Phe Ser Leu His Pro Thr Lys Glu 420 425 430 Ile Lys Ser Arg Gly Pro Glu Thr Ala Glu Leu Thr Arg Ser Phe Pro 435 440 445 Ser Glu Lys Arg Gly Val Leu Ser Ser Tyr Pro Ser Asp Val Ile Ser 450 455 460 Tyr Arg Gly Leu Arg Gly Ser Gln Asp Lys Leu Val Ser Pro Thr Asp 465 470 475 480 Ser Pro Gly Asp Cys Met Asp Arg Glu Lys Ile Glu Lys Asp Ser Gly 485 490 495 Leu Ser Ser Thr Ser Ala Gly Ser Glu Glu Glu Phe Ser Thr Pro Glu 500 505 510 Val Ala Ser Ser Phe Ser Ser Asp Tyr Asn Val Ser Ser Leu Glu Asp 515 520 525 Arg Pro Ser Gln Glu Thr Ile Asn Cys Gly Asp Leu Asp Cys Arg Pro 530 535 540 Pro Gly Thr Gly Gln Ser Leu Lys Pro Glu Asp His Gly Tyr Gln Cys 545 550 555 560 Lys Ala Leu Pro Leu Ala Arg Leu Ser Pro Thr Asn Ala Lys Arg Phe 565 570 575 Lys Thr Glu Glu Arg Pro Ser Asn Val Asn Ile Ser Gln Arg Leu Pro 580 585 590 Gly Pro Gln Ser Thr Ser Ala Ala Glu Val Asp Val Ala Ile Lys Met 595 600 605 Asn Lys Arg Ile Val Leu Leu Glu Phe Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Ala Lys 610 615 620 Arg Met Lys Gln Leu Gln His Leu Lys Ala Gln Asn Lys His Glu Leu 625 630 635 640 Ser Tyr Arg Lys Phe Arg Ala Lys Ile Cys Pro Gly Glu Asn Gln Ala 645 650 655 Ala Glu Asp Glu Leu Arg Lys Glu Ile Ser Lys Ser Met Phe Ala Glu 660 665 670 Met Glu Ile Leu Gly Gln Phe Asn Leu Gly Phe Ile Val Thr Lys Leu 675 680 685 Lys Glu Asp Leu Phe Leu Val Asp Gln His Ala Ala Asp Glu Lys Tyr 690 695 700 Asn Phe Glu Met Leu Gln Gln His Thr Val Leu Gln Ala Gln Arg Leu 705 710 715 720 Ile Thr Pro Gln Thr Leu Asn Leu Thr Ala Val Asn Glu Ala Val Leu 725 730 735 Ile Glu Asn Leu Glu Ile Phe Arg Lys Asn Gly Phe Asp Phe Val Ile 740 745 750 Asp Glu Asp Ala Pro Val Thr Glu Arg Ala Lys Leu Ile Ser Leu Pro 755 760 765 Thr Ser Lys Asn Trp Thr Phe Gly Pro Gln Asp Ile Asp Glu Leu Ile 770 775 780 Phe Met Leu Ser Asp Ser Pro Gly Val Met Cys Arg Pro Ser Arg Val 785 790 795 800 Arg Gln Met Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Cys Arg Lys Ser Val Met Ile Gly 805 810 815 Thr Ala Leu Asn Ala Ser Glu Met Lys Lys Leu Ile Thr His Met Gly 820 825 830 Glu Met Asp His Pro Trp Asn Cys Pro His Gly Arg Pro Thr Met Arg 835 840 845 His Val Ala Asn Leu Asp Val Ile Ser Gln Asn 850 855 17 932 PRT Homo sapiens 17 Met Lys Gln Leu Pro Ala Ala Thr Val Arg Leu Leu Ser Ser Ser Gln 1 5 10 15 Ile Ile Thr Ser Val Val Ser Val Val Lys Glu Leu Ile Glu Asn Ser 20 25 30 Leu Asp Ala Gly Ala Thr Ser Val Asp Val Lys Leu Glu Asn Tyr Gly 35 40 45 Phe Asp Lys Ile Glu Val Arg Asp Asn Gly Glu Gly Ile Lys Ala Val 50 55 60 Asp Ala Pro Val Met Ala Met Lys Tyr Tyr Thr Ser Lys Ile Asn Ser 65 70 75 80 His Glu Asp Leu Glu Asn Leu Thr Thr Tyr Gly Phe Arg Gly Glu Ala 85 90 95 Leu Gly Ser Ile Cys Cys Ile Ala Glu Val Leu Ile Thr Thr Arg Thr 100 105 110 Ala Ala Asp Asn Phe Ser Thr Gln Tyr Val Leu Asp Gly Ser Gly His 115 120 125 Ile Leu Ser Gln Lys Pro Ser His Leu Gly Gln Gly Thr Thr Val Thr 130 135 140 Ala Leu Arg Leu Phe Lys Asn Leu Pro Val Arg Lys Gln Phe Tyr Ser 145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Lys Lys Cys Lys Asp Glu Ile Lys Lys Ile Gln Asp Leu Leu 165 170 175 Met Ser Phe Gly Ile Leu Lys Pro Asp Leu Arg Ile Val Phe Val His 180 185 190 Asn Lys Ala Val Ile Trp Gln Lys Ser Arg Val Ser Asp His Lys Met 195 200 205 Ala Leu Met Ser Val Leu Gly Thr Ala Val Met Asn Asn Met Glu Ser 210 215 220 Phe Gln Tyr His Ser Glu Glu Ser Gln Ile Tyr Leu Ser Gly Phe Leu 225 230 235 240 Pro Lys Cys Asp Ala Asp His Ser Phe Thr Ser Leu Ser Thr Pro Glu 245 250 255 Arg Ser Phe Ile Phe Ile Asn Ser Arg Pro Val His Gln Lys Asp Ile 260 265 270 Leu Lys Leu Ile Arg His His Tyr Asn Leu Lys Cys Leu Lys Glu Ser 275 280 285 Thr Arg Leu Tyr Pro Val Phe Phe Leu Lys Ile Asp Val Pro Thr Ala 290 295 300 Asp Val Asp Val Asn Leu Thr Pro Asp Lys Ser Gln Val Leu Leu Gln 305 310 315 320 Asn Lys Glu Ser Val Leu Ile Ala Leu Glu Asn Leu Met Thr Thr Cys 325 330 335 Tyr Gly Pro Leu Pro Ser Thr Asn Ser Tyr Glu Asn Asn Lys Thr Asp 340 345 350 Val Ser Ala Ala Asp Ile Val Leu Ser Lys Thr Ala Glu Thr Asp Val 355 360 365 Leu Phe Asn Lys Val Glu Ser Ser Gly Lys Asn Tyr Ser Asn Val Asp 370 375 380 Thr Ser Val Ile Pro Phe Gln Asn Asp Met His Asn Asp Glu Ser Gly 385 390 395 400 Lys Asn Thr Asp Asp Cys Leu Asn His Gln Ile Ser Ile Gly Asp Phe 405 410 415 Gly Tyr Gly His Cys Ser Ser Glu Ile Ser Asn Ile Asp Lys Asn Thr 420 425 430 Lys Asn Ala Phe Gln Asp Ile Ser Met Ser Asn Val Ser Trp Glu Asn 435 440 445 Ser Gln Thr Glu Tyr Ser Lys Thr Cys Phe Ile Ser Ser Val Lys His 450 455 460 Thr Gln Ser Glu Asn Gly Asn Lys Asp His Ile Asp Glu Ser Gly Glu 465 470 475 480 Asn Glu Glu Glu Ala Gly Leu Glu Asn Ser Ser Glu Ile Ser Ala Asp 485 490 495 Glu Trp Ser Arg Gly Asn Ile Leu Lys Asn Ser Val Gly Glu Asn Ile 500 505 510 Glu Pro Val Lys Ile Leu Val Pro Glu Lys Ser Leu Pro Cys Lys Val 515 520 525 Ser Asn Asn Asn Tyr Pro Ile Pro Glu Gln Met Asn Leu Asn Glu Asp 530 535 540 Ser Cys Asn Lys Lys Ser Asn Val Ile Asp Asn Lys Ser Gly Lys Val 545 550 555 560 Thr Ala Tyr Asp Leu Leu Ser Asn Arg Val Ile Lys Lys Pro Met Ser 565 570 575 Ala Ser Ala Leu Phe Val Gln Asp His Arg Pro Gln Phe Leu Ile Glu 580 585 590 Asn Pro Lys Thr Ser Leu Glu Asp Ala Thr Leu Gln Ile Glu Glu Leu 595 600 605 Trp Lys Thr Leu Ser Glu Glu Glu Lys Leu Lys Tyr Glu Glu Lys Ala 610 615 620 Thr Lys Asp Leu Glu Arg Tyr Asn Ser Gln Met Lys Arg Ala Ile Glu 625 630 635 640 Gln Glu Ser Gln Met Ser Leu Lys Asp Gly Arg Lys Lys Ile Lys Pro 645 650 655 Thr Ser Ala Trp Asn Leu Ala Gln Lys His Lys Leu Lys Thr Ser Leu 660 665 670 Ser Asn Gln Pro Lys Leu Asp Glu Leu Leu Gln Ser Gln Ile Glu Lys 675 680 685 Arg Arg Ser Gln Asn Ile Lys Met Val Gln Ile Pro Phe Ser Met Lys 690 695 700 Asn Leu Lys Ile Asn Phe Lys Lys Gln Asn Lys Val Asp Leu Glu Glu 705 710 715 720 Lys Asp Glu Pro Cys Leu Ile His Asn Leu Arg Phe Pro Asp Ala Trp 725 730 735 Leu Met Thr Ser Lys Thr Glu Val Met Leu Leu Asn Pro Tyr Arg Val 740 745 750 Glu Glu Ala Leu Leu Phe Lys Arg Leu Leu Glu Asn His Lys Leu Pro 755 760 765 Ala Glu Pro Leu Glu Lys Pro Ile Met Leu Thr Glu Ser Leu Phe Asn 770 775 780 Gly Ser His Tyr Leu Asp Val Leu Tyr Lys Met Thr Ala Asp Asp Gln 785 790 795 800 Arg Tyr Ser Gly Ser Thr Tyr Leu Ser Asp Pro Arg Leu Thr Ala Asn 805 810 815 Gly Phe Lys Ile Lys Leu Ile Pro Gly Val Ser Ile Thr Glu Asn Tyr 820 825 830 Leu Glu Ile Glu Gly Met Ala Asn Cys Leu Pro Phe Tyr Gly Val Ala 835 840 845 Asp Leu Lys Glu Ile Leu Asn Ala Ile Leu Asn Arg Asn Ala Lys Glu 850 855 860 Val Tyr Glu Cys Arg Pro Arg Lys Val Ile Ser Tyr Leu Glu Gly Glu 865 870 875 880 Ala Val Arg Leu Ser Arg Gln Leu Pro Met Tyr Leu Ser Lys Glu Asp 885 890 895 Ile Gln Asp Ile Ile Tyr Arg Met Lys His Gln Phe Gly Asn Glu Ile 900 905 910 Lys Glu Cys Val His Gly Arg Pro Phe Phe His His Leu Thr Tyr Leu 915 920 925 Pro Glu Thr Thr 930 18 932 PRT Homo sapiens 18 Met Lys Gln Leu Pro Ala Ala Thr Val Arg Leu Leu Ser Ser Ser Gln 1 5 10 15 Ile Ile Thr Ser Val Val Ser Val Val Lys Glu Leu Ile Glu Asn Ser 20 25 30 Leu Asp Ala Gly Ala Thr Ser Val Asp Val Lys Leu Glu Asn Tyr Gly 35 40 45 Phe Asp Lys Ile Glu Val Arg Asp Asn Gly Glu Gly Ile Lys Ala Val 50 55 60 Asp Ala Pro Val Met Ala Met Lys Tyr Tyr Thr Ser Lys Ile Asn Ser 65 70 75 80 His Glu Asp Leu Glu Asn Leu Thr Thr Tyr Gly Phe Arg Gly Glu Ala 85 90 95 Leu Gly Ser Ile Cys Cys Ile Ala Glu Val Leu Ile Thr Thr Arg Thr 100 105 110 Ala Ala Asp Asn Phe Ser Thr Gln Tyr Val Leu Asp Gly Ser Gly His 115 120 125 Ile Leu Ser Gln Lys Pro Ser His Leu Gly Gln Gly Thr Thr Val Thr 130 135 140 Ala Leu Arg Leu Phe Lys Asn Leu Pro Val Arg Lys Gln Phe Tyr Ser 145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Lys Lys Cys Lys Asp Glu Ile Lys Lys Ile Gln Asp Leu Leu 165 170 175 Met Ser Phe Gly Ile Leu Lys Pro Asp Leu Arg Ile Val Phe Val His 180 185 190 Asn Lys Ala Val Ile Trp Gln Lys Ser Arg Val Ser Asp His Lys Met 195 200 205 Ala Leu Met Ser Val Leu Gly Thr Ala Val Met Asn Asn Met Glu Ser 210 215 220 Phe Gln Tyr His Ser Glu Glu Ser Gln Ile Tyr Leu Ser Gly Phe Leu 225 230 235 240 Pro Lys Cys Asp Ala Asp His Ser Phe Thr Ser Leu Ser Thr Pro Glu 245 250 255 Arg Ser Phe Ile Phe Ile Asn Ser Arg Pro Val His Gln Lys Asp Ile 260 265 270 Leu Lys Leu Ile Arg His His Tyr Asn Leu Lys Cys Leu Lys Glu Ser 275 280 285 Thr Arg Leu Tyr Pro Val Phe Phe Leu Lys Ile Asp Val Pro Thr Ala 290 295 300 Asp Val Asp Val Asn Leu Thr Pro Asp Lys Ser Gln Val Leu Leu Gln 305 310 315 320 Asn Lys Glu Ser Val Leu Ile Ala Leu Glu Asn Leu Met Thr Thr Cys 325 330 335 Tyr Gly Pro Leu Pro Ser Thr Asn Ser Tyr Glu Asn Asn Lys Thr Asp 340 345 350 Val Ser Ala Ala Asp Ile Val Leu Ser Lys Thr Ala Glu Thr Asp Val 355 360 365 Leu Phe Asn Lys Val Glu Ser Ser Gly Lys Asn Tyr Ser Asn Val Asp 370 375 380 Thr Ser Val Ile Pro Phe Gln Asn Asp Met His Asn Asp Glu Ser Gly 385 390 395 400 Lys Asn Thr Asp Asp Cys Leu Asn His Gln Ile Ser Ile Gly Asp Phe 405 410 415 Gly Tyr Gly His Cys Ser Ser Glu Ile Ser Asn Ile Asp Lys Asn Thr 420 425 430 Lys Asn Ala Phe Gln Asp Ile Ser Met Ser Asn Val Ser Trp Glu Asn 435 440 445 Ser Gln Thr Glu Tyr Ser Lys Thr Cys Phe Ile Ser Ser Val Lys His 450 455 460 Thr Gln Ser Glu Asn Gly Asn Lys Asp His Ile Asp Glu Ser Gly Glu 465 470 475 480 Asn Glu Glu Glu Ala Gly Leu Glu Asn Ser Ser Glu Ile Ser Ala Asp 485 490 495 Glu Trp Ser Arg Gly Asn Ile Leu Lys Asn Ser Val Gly Glu Asn Ile 500 505 510 Glu Pro Val Lys Ile Leu Val Pro Glu Lys Ser Leu Pro Cys Lys Val 515 520 525 Ser Asn Asn Asn Tyr Pro Ile Pro Glu Gln Met Asn Leu Asn Glu Asp 530 535 540 Ser Cys Asn Lys Lys Ser Asn Val Ile Asp Asn Lys Ser Gly Lys Val 545 550 555 560 Thr Ala Tyr Asp Leu Leu Ser Asn Arg Val Ile Lys Lys Pro Met Ser 565 570 575 Ala Ser Ala Leu Phe Val Gln Asp His Arg Pro Gln Phe Leu Ile Glu 580 585 590 Asn Pro Lys Thr Ser Leu Glu Asp Ala Thr Leu Gln Ile Glu Glu Leu 595 600 605 Trp Lys Thr Leu Ser Glu Glu Glu Lys Leu Lys Tyr Glu Glu Lys Ala 610 615 620 Thr Lys Asp Leu Glu Arg Tyr Asn Ser Gln Met Lys Arg Ala Ile Glu 625 630 635 640 Gln Glu Ser Gln Met Ser Leu Lys Asp Gly Arg Lys Lys Ile Lys Pro 645 650 655 Thr Ser Ala Trp Asn Leu Ala Gln Lys His Lys Leu Lys Thr Ser Leu 660 665 670 Ser Asn Gln Pro Lys Leu Asp Glu Leu Leu Gln Ser Gln Ile Glu Lys 675 680 685 Arg Arg Ser Gln Asn Ile Lys Met Val Gln Ile Pro Phe Ser Met Lys 690 695 700 Asn Leu Lys Ile Asn Phe Lys Lys Gln Asn Lys Val Asp Leu Glu Glu 705 710 715 720 Lys Asp Glu Pro Cys Leu Ile His Asn Leu Arg Phe Pro Asp Ala Trp 725 730 735 Leu Met Thr Ser Lys Thr Glu Val Met Leu Leu Asn Pro Tyr Arg Val 740 745 750 Glu Glu Ala Leu Leu Phe Lys Arg Leu Leu Glu Asn His Lys Leu Pro 755 760 765 Ala Glu Pro Leu Glu Lys Pro Ile Met Leu Thr Glu Ser Leu Phe Asn 770 775 780 Gly Ser His Tyr Leu Asp Val Leu Tyr Lys Met Thr Ala Asp Asp Gln 785 790 795 800 Arg Tyr Ser Gly Ser Thr Tyr Leu Ser Asp Pro Arg Leu Thr Ala Asn 805 810 815 Gly Phe Lys Ile Lys Leu Ile Pro Gly Val Ser Ile Thr Glu Asn Tyr 820 825 830 Leu Glu Ile Glu Gly Met Ala Asn Cys Leu Pro Phe Tyr Gly Val Ala 835 840 845 Asp Leu Lys Glu Ile Leu Asn Ala Ile Leu Asn Arg Asn Ala Lys Glu 850 855 860 Val Tyr Glu Cys Arg Pro Arg Lys Val Ile Ser Tyr Leu Glu Gly Glu 865 870 875 880 Ala Val Arg Leu Ser Arg Gln Leu Pro Met Tyr Leu Ser Lys Glu Asp 885 890 895 Ile Gln Asp Ile Ile Tyr Arg Met Lys His Gln Phe Gly Asn Glu Ile 900 905 910 Lys Glu Cys Val His Gly Arg Pro Phe Phe His His Leu Thr Tyr Leu 915 920 925 Pro Glu Thr Thr 930 19 934 PRT Homo sapiens 19 Met Ala Val Gln Pro Lys Glu Thr Leu Gln Leu Glu Ser Ala Ala Glu 1 5 10 15 Val Gly Phe Val Arg Phe Phe Gln Gly Met Pro Glu Lys Pro Thr Thr 20 25 30 Thr Val Arg Leu Phe Asp Arg Gly Asp Phe Tyr Thr Ala His Gly Glu 35 40 45 Asp Ala Leu Leu Ala Ala Arg Glu Val Phe Lys Thr Gln Gly Val Ile 50 55 60 Lys Tyr Met Gly Pro Ala Gly Ala Lys Asn Leu Gln Ser Val Val Leu 65 70 75 80 Ser Lys Met Asn Phe Glu Ser Phe Val Lys Asp Leu Leu Leu Val Arg 85 90 95 Gln Tyr Arg Val Glu Val Tyr Lys Asn Arg Ala Gly Asn Lys Ala Ser 100 105 110 Lys Glu Asn Asp Trp Tyr Leu Ala Tyr Lys Ala Ser Pro Gly Asn Leu 115 120 125 Ser Gln Phe Glu Asp Ile Leu Phe Gly Asn Asn Asp Met Ser Ala Ser 130 135 140 Ile Gly Val Val Gly Val Lys Met Ser Ala Val Asp Gly Gln Arg Gln 145 150 155 160 Val Gly Val Gly Tyr Val Asp Ser Ile Gln Arg Lys Leu Gly Leu Cys 165 170 175 Glu Phe Pro Asp Asn Asp Gln Phe Ser Asn Leu Glu Ala Leu Leu Ile 180 185 190 Gln Ile Gly Pro Lys Glu Cys Val Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Thr Ala Gly 195 200 205 Asp Met Gly Lys Leu Arg Gln Ile Ile Gln Arg Gly Gly Ile Leu Ile 210 215 220 Thr Glu Arg Lys Lys Ala Asp Phe Ser Thr Lys Asp Ile Tyr Gln Asp 225 230 235 240 Leu Asn Arg Leu Leu Lys Gly Lys Lys Gly Glu Gln Met Asn Ser Ala 245 250 255 Val Leu Pro Glu Met Glu Asn Gln Val Ala Val Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala 260 265 270 Val Ile Lys Phe Leu Glu Leu Leu Ser Asp Asp Ser Asn Phe Gly Gln 275 280 285 Phe Glu Leu Thr Thr Phe Asp Phe Ser Gln Tyr Met Lys Leu Asp Ile 290 295 300 Ala Ala Val Arg Ala Leu Asn Leu Phe Gln Gly Ser Val Glu Asp Thr 305 310 315 320 Thr Gly Ser Gln Ser Leu Ala Ala Leu Leu Asn Lys Cys Lys Thr Pro 325 330 335 Gln Gly Gln Arg Leu Val Asn Gln Trp Ile Lys Gln Pro Leu Met Asp 340 345 350 Lys Asn Arg Ile Glu Glu Arg Leu Asn Leu Val Glu Ala Phe Val Glu 355 360 365 Asp Ala Glu Leu Arg Gln Thr Leu Gln Glu Asp Leu Leu Arg Arg Phe 370 375 380 Pro Asp Leu Asn Arg Leu Ala Lys Lys Phe Gln Arg Gln Ala Ala Asn 385 390 395 400 Leu Gln Asp Cys Tyr Arg Leu Tyr Gln Gly Ile Asn Gln Leu Pro Asn 405 410 415 Val Ile Gln Ala Leu Glu Lys His Glu Gly Lys His Gln Lys Leu Leu 420 425 430 Leu Ala Val Phe Val Thr Pro Leu Thr Asp Leu Arg Ser Asp Phe Ser 435 440 445 Lys Phe Gln Glu Met Ile Glu Thr Thr Leu Asp Met Asp Gln Val Glu 450 455 460 Asn His Glu Phe Leu Val Lys Pro Ser Phe Asp Pro Asn Leu Ser Glu 465 470 475 480 Leu Arg Glu Ile Met Asn Asp Leu Glu Lys Lys Met Gln Ser Thr Leu 485 490 495 Ile Ser Ala Ala Arg Asp Leu Gly Leu Asp Pro Gly Lys Gln Ile Lys 500 505 510 Leu Asp Ser Ser Ala Gln Phe Gly Tyr Tyr Phe Arg Val Thr Cys Lys 515 520 525 Glu Glu Lys Val Leu Arg Asn Asn Lys Asn Phe Ser Thr Val Asp Ile 530 535 540 Gln Lys Asn Gly Val Lys Phe Thr Asn Ser Lys Leu Thr Ser Leu Asn 545 550 555 560 Glu Glu Tyr Thr Lys Asn Lys Thr Glu Tyr Glu Glu Ala Gln Asp Ala 565 570 575 Ile Val Lys Glu Ile Val Asn Ile Ser Ser Gly Tyr Val Glu Pro Met 580 585 590 Gln Thr Leu Asn Asp Val Leu Ala Gln Leu Asp Ala Val Val Ser Phe 595 600 605 Ala His Val Ser Asn Gly Ala Pro Val Pro Tyr Val Arg Pro Ala Ile 610 615 620 Leu Glu Lys Gly Gln Gly Arg Ile Ile Leu Lys Ala Ser Arg His Ala 625 630 635 640 Cys Val Glu Val Gln Asp Glu Ile Ala Phe Ile Pro Asn Asp Val Tyr 645 650 655 Phe Glu Lys Asp Lys Gln Met Phe His Ile Ile Thr Gly Pro Asn Met 660 665 670 Gly Gly Lys Ser Thr Tyr Ile Arg Gln Thr Gly Val Ile Val Leu Met 675 680 685 Ala Gln Ile Gly Cys Phe Val Pro Cys Glu Ser Ala Glu Val Ser Ile 690 695 700 Val Asp Cys Ile Leu Ala Arg Val Gly Ala Gly Asp Ser Gln Leu Lys 705 710 715 720 Gly Val Ser Thr Phe Met Ala Glu Met Leu Glu Thr Ala Ser Ile Leu 725 730 735 Arg Ser Ala Thr Lys Asp Ser Leu Ile Ile Ile Asp Glu Leu Gly Arg 740 745 750 Gly Thr Ser Thr Tyr Asp Gly Phe Gly Leu Ala Trp Ala Ile Ser Glu 755 760 765 Tyr Ile Ala Thr Lys Ile Gly Ala Phe Cys Met Phe Ala Thr His Phe 770 775 780 His Glu Leu Thr Ala Leu Ala Asn Gln Ile Pro Thr Val Asn Asn Leu 785 790 795 800 His Val Thr Ala Leu Thr Thr Glu Glu Thr Leu Thr Met Leu Tyr Gln 805 810 815 Val Lys Lys Gly Val Cys Asp Gln Ser Phe Gly Ile His Val Ala Glu 820 825 830 Leu Ala Asn Phe Pro Lys His Val Ile Glu Cys Ala Lys Gln Lys Ala 835 840 845 Leu Glu Leu Glu Glu Phe Gln Tyr Ile Gly Glu Ser Gln Gly Tyr Asp 850 855 860 Ile Met Glu Pro Ala Ala Lys Lys Cys Tyr Leu Glu Arg Glu Gln Gly 865 870 875 880 Glu Lys Ile Ile Gln Glu Phe Leu Ser Lys Val Lys Gln Met Pro Phe 885 890 895 Thr Glu Met Ser Glu Glu Asn Ile Thr Ile Lys Leu Lys Gln Leu Lys 900 905 910 Ala Glu Val Ile Ala Lys Asn Asn Ser Phe Val Asn Glu Ile Ile Ser 915 920 925 Arg Ile Lys Val Thr Thr 930 20 756 PRT Homo sapiens 20 Met Ser Phe Val Ala Gly Val Ile Arg Arg Leu Asp Glu Thr Val Val 1 5 10 15 Asn Arg Ile Ala Ala Gly Glu Val Ile Gln Arg Pro Ala Asn Ala Ile 20 25 30 Lys Glu Met Ile Glu Asn Cys Leu Asp Ala Lys Ser Thr Ser Ile Gln 35 40 45 Val Ile Val Lys Glu Gly Gly Leu Lys Leu Ile Gln Ile Gln Asp Asn 50 55 60 Gly Thr Gly Ile Arg Lys Glu Asp Leu Asp Ile Val Cys Glu Arg Phe 65 70 75 80 Thr Thr Ser Lys Leu Gln Ser Phe Glu Asp Leu Ala Ser Ile Ser Thr 85 90 95 Tyr Gly Phe Arg Gly Glu Ala Leu Ala Ser Ile Ser His Val Ala His 100 105 110 Val Thr Ile Thr Thr Lys Thr Ala Asp Gly Lys Cys Ala Tyr Arg Ala 115 120 125 Ser Tyr Ser Asp Gly Lys Leu Lys Ala Pro Pro Lys Pro Cys Ala Gly 130 135 140 Asn Gln Gly Thr Gln Ile Thr Val Glu Asp Leu Phe Tyr Asn Ile Ala 145 150 155 160 Thr Arg Arg Lys Ala Leu Lys Asn Pro Ser Glu Glu Tyr Gly Lys Ile 165 170 175 Leu Glu Val Val Gly Arg Tyr Ser Val His Asn Ala Gly Ile Ser Phe 180 185 190 Ser Val Lys Lys Gln Gly Glu Thr Val Ala Asp Val Arg Thr Leu Pro 195 200 205 Asn Ala Ser Thr Val Asp Asn Ile Arg Ser Ile Phe Gly Asn Ala Val 210 215 220 Ser Arg Glu Leu Ile Glu Ile Gly Cys Glu Asp Lys Thr Leu Ala Phe 225 230 235 240 Lys Met Asn Gly Tyr Ile Ser Asn Ala Asn Tyr Ser Val Lys Lys Cys 245 250 255 Ile Phe Leu Leu Phe Ile Asn His Arg Leu Val Glu Ser Thr Ser Leu 260 265 270 Arg Lys Ala Ile Glu Thr Val Tyr Ala Ala Tyr Leu Pro Lys Asn Thr 275 280 285 His Pro Phe Leu Tyr Leu Ser Leu Glu Ile Ser Pro Gln Asn Val Asp 290 295 300 Val Asn Val His Pro Thr Lys His Glu Val His Phe Leu His Glu Glu 305 310 315 320 Ser Ile Leu Glu Arg Val Gln Gln His Ile Glu Ser Lys Leu Leu Gly 325 330 335 Ser Asn Ser Ser Arg Met Tyr Phe Thr Gln Thr Leu Leu Pro Gly Leu 340 345 350 Ala Gly Pro Ser Gly Glu Met Val Lys Ser Thr Thr Ser Leu Thr Ser 355 360 365 Ser Ser Thr Ser Gly Ser Ser Asp Lys Val Tyr Ala His Gln Met Val 370 375 380 Arg Thr Asp Ser Arg Glu Gln Lys Leu Asp Ala Phe Leu Gln Pro Leu 385 390 395 400 Ser Lys Pro Leu Ser Ser Gln Pro Gln Ala Ile Val Thr Glu Asp Lys 405 410 415 Thr Asp Ile Ser Ser Gly Arg Ala Arg Gln Gln Asp Glu Glu Met Leu 420 425 430 Glu Leu Pro Ala Pro Ala Glu Val Ala Ala Lys Asn Gln Ser Leu Glu 435 440 445 Gly Asp Thr Thr Lys Gly Thr Ser Glu Met Ser Glu Lys Arg Gly Pro 450 455 460 Thr Ser Ser Asn Pro Arg Lys Arg His Arg Glu Asp Ser Asp Val Glu 465 470 475 480 Met Val Glu Asp Asp Ser Arg Lys Glu Met Thr Ala Ala Cys Thr Pro 485 490 495 Arg Arg Arg Ile Ile Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Leu Ser Leu Gln Glu Glu 500 505 510 Ile Asn Glu Gln Gly His Glu Val Leu Arg Glu Met Leu His Asn His 515 520 525 Ser Phe Val Gly Cys Val Asn Pro Gln Trp Ala Leu Ala Gln His Gln 530 535 540 Thr Lys Leu Tyr Leu Leu Asn Thr Thr Lys Leu Ser Glu Glu Leu Phe 545 550 555 560 Tyr Gln Ile Leu Ile Tyr Asp Phe Ala Asn Phe Gly Val Leu Arg Leu 565 570 575 Ser Glu Pro Ala Pro Leu Phe Asp Leu Ala Met Leu Ala Leu Asp Ser 580 585 590 Pro Glu Ser Gly Trp Thr Glu Glu Asp Gly Pro Lys Glu Gly Leu Ala 595 600 605 Glu Tyr Ile Val Glu Phe Leu Lys Lys Lys Ala Glu Met Leu Ala Asp 610 615 620 Tyr Phe Ser Leu Glu Ile Asp Glu Glu Gly Asn Leu Ile Gly Leu Pro 625 630 635 640 Leu Leu Ile Asp Asn Tyr Val Pro Pro Leu Glu Gly Leu Pro Ile Phe 645 650 655 Ile Leu Arg Leu Ala Thr Glu Val Asn Trp Asp Glu Glu Lys Glu Cys 660 665 670 Phe Glu Ser Leu Ser Lys Glu Cys Ala Met Phe Tyr Ser Ile Arg Lys 675 680 685 Gln Tyr Ile Ser Glu Glu Ser Thr Leu Ser Gly Gln Gln Ser Glu Val 690 695 700 Pro Gly Ser Ile Pro Asn Ser Trp Lys Trp Thr Val Glu His Ile Val 705 710 715 720 Tyr Lys Ala Leu Arg Ser His Ile Leu Pro Pro Lys His Phe Thr Glu 725 730 735 Asp Gly Asn Ile Leu Gln Leu Ala Asn Leu Pro Asp Leu Tyr Lys Val 740 745 750 Phe Glu Arg Cys 755 21 133 PRT Homo sapiens 21 Met Lys Gln Leu Pro Ala Ala Thr Val Arg Leu Leu Ser Ser Ser Gln 1 5 10 15 Ile Ile Thr Ser Val Val Ser Val Val Lys Glu Leu Ile Glu Asn Ser 20 25 30 Leu Asp Ala Gly Ala Thr Ser Val Asp Val Lys Leu Glu Asn Tyr Gly 35 40 45 Phe Asp Lys Ile Glu Val Arg Asp Asn Gly Glu Gly Ile Lys Ala Val 50 55 60 Asp Ala Pro Val Met Ala Met Lys Tyr Tyr Thr Ser Lys Ile Asn Ser 65 70 75 80 His Glu Asp Leu Glu Asn Leu Thr Thr Tyr Gly Phe Arg Gly Glu Ala 85 90 95 Leu Gly Ser Ile Cys Cys Ile Ala Glu Val Leu Ile Thr Thr Arg Thr 100 105 110 Ala Ala Asp Asn Phe Ser Thr Gln Tyr Val Leu Asp Gly Ser Gly His 115 120 125 Ile Leu Ser Gln Lys 130 22 1360 PRT Homo sapiens 22 Met Ser Arg Gln Ser Thr Leu Tyr Ser Phe Phe Pro Lys Ser Pro Ala 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Asp Ala Asn Lys Ala Ser Ala Arg Ala Ser Arg Glu Gly Gly 20 25 30 Arg Ala Ala Ala Ala Pro Gly Ala Ser Pro Ser Pro Gly Gly Asp Ala 35 40 45 Ala Trp Ser Glu Ala Gly Pro Gly Pro Arg Pro Leu Ala Arg Ser Ala 50 55 60 Ser Pro Pro Lys Ala Lys Asn Leu Asn Gly Gly Leu Arg Arg Ser Val 65 70 75 80 Ala Pro Ala Ala Pro Thr Ser Cys Asp Phe Ser Pro Gly Asp Leu Val 85 90 95 Trp Ala Lys Met Glu Gly Tyr Pro Trp Trp Pro Cys Leu Val Tyr Asn 100 105 110 His Pro Phe Asp Gly Thr Phe Ile Arg Glu Lys Gly Lys Ser Val Arg 115 120 125 Val His Val Gln Phe Phe Asp Asp Ser Pro Thr Arg Gly Trp Val Ser 130 135 140 Lys Arg Leu Leu Lys Pro Tyr Thr Gly Ser Lys Ser Lys Glu Ala Gln 145 150 155 160 Lys Gly Gly His Phe Tyr Ser Ala Lys Pro Glu Ile Leu Arg Ala Met 165 170 175 Gln Arg Ala Asp Glu Ala Leu Asn Lys Asp Lys Ile Lys Arg Leu Glu 180 185 190 Leu Ala Val Cys Asp Glu Pro Ser Glu Pro Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Met 195 200 205 Glu Val Gly Thr Thr Tyr Val Thr Asp Lys Ser Glu Glu Asp Asn Glu 210 215 220 Ile Glu Ser Glu Glu Glu Val Gln Pro Lys Thr Gln Gly Ser Arg Arg 225 230 235 240 Ser Ser Arg Gln Ile Lys Lys Arg Arg Val Ile Ser Asp Ser Glu Ser 245 250 255 Asp Ile Gly Gly Ser Asp Val Glu Phe Lys Pro Asp Thr Lys Glu Glu 260 265 270 Gly Ser Ser Asp Glu Ile Ser Ser Gly Val Gly Asp Ser Glu Ser Glu 275 280 285 Gly Leu Asn Ser Pro Val Lys Val Ala Arg Lys Arg Lys Arg Met Val 290 295 300 Thr Gly Asn Gly Ser Leu Lys Arg Lys Ser Ser Arg Lys Glu Thr Pro 305 310 315 320 Ser Ala Thr Lys Gln Ala Thr Ser Ile Ser Ser Glu Thr Lys Asn Thr 325 330 335 Leu Arg Ala Phe Ser Ala Pro Gln Asn Ser Glu Ser Gln Ala His Val 340 345 350 Ser Gly Gly Gly Asp Asp Ser Ser Arg Pro Thr Val Trp Tyr His Glu 355 360 365 Thr Leu Glu Trp Leu Lys Glu Glu Lys Arg Arg Asp Glu His Arg Arg 370 375 380 Arg Pro Asp His Pro Asp Phe Asp Ala Ser Thr Leu Tyr Val Pro Glu 385 390 395 400 Asp Phe Leu Asn Ser Cys Thr Pro Gly Met Arg Lys Trp Trp Gln Ile 405 410 415 Lys Ser Gln Asn Phe Asp Leu Val Ile Cys Tyr Lys Val Gly Lys Phe 420 425 430 Tyr Glu Leu Tyr His Met Asp Ala Leu Ile Gly Val Ser Glu Leu Gly 435 440 445 Leu Val Phe Met Lys Gly Asn Trp Ala His Ser Gly Phe Pro Glu Ile 450 455 460 Ala Phe Gly Arg Tyr Ser Asp Ser Leu Val Gln Lys Gly Tyr Lys Val 465 470 475 480 Ala Arg Val Glu Gln Thr Glu Thr Pro Glu Met Met Glu Ala Arg Cys 485 490 495 Arg Lys Met Ala His Ile Ser Lys Tyr Asp Arg Val Val Arg Arg Glu 500 505 510 Ile Cys Arg Ile Ile Thr Lys Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr Ser Val Leu Glu 515 520 525 Gly Asp Pro Ser Glu Asn Tyr Ser Lys Tyr Leu Leu Ser Leu Lys Glu 530 535 540 Lys Glu Glu Asp Ser Ser Gly His Thr Arg Ala Tyr Gly Val Cys Phe 545 550 555 560 Val Asp Thr Ser Leu Gly Lys Phe Phe Ile Gly Gln Phe Ser Asp Asp 565 570 575 Arg His Cys Ser Arg Phe Arg Thr Leu Val Ala His Tyr Pro Pro Val 580 585 590 Gln Val Leu Phe Glu Lys Gly Asn Leu Ser Lys Glu Thr Lys Thr Ile 595 600 605 Leu Lys Ser Ser Leu Ser Cys Ser Leu Gln Glu Gly Leu Ile Pro Gly 610 615 620 Ser Gln Phe Trp Asp Ala Ser Lys Thr Leu Arg Thr Leu Leu Glu Glu 625 630 635 640 Glu Tyr Phe Arg Glu Lys Leu Ser Asp Gly Ile Gly Val Met Leu Pro 645 650 655 Gln Val Leu Lys Gly Met Thr Ser Glu Ser Asp Ser Ile Gly Leu Thr 660 665 670 Pro Gly Glu Lys Ser Glu Leu Ala Leu Ser Ala Leu Gly Gly Cys Val 675 680 685 Phe Tyr Leu Lys Lys Cys Leu Ile Asp Gln Glu Leu Leu Ser Met Ala 690 695 700 Asn Phe Glu Glu Tyr Ile Pro Leu Asp Ser Asp Thr Val Ser Thr Thr 705 710 715 720 Arg Ser Gly Ala Ile Phe Thr Lys Ala Tyr Gln Arg Met Val Leu Asp 725 730 735 Ala Val Thr Leu Asn Asn Leu Glu Ile Phe Leu Asn Gly Thr Asn Gly 740 745 750 Ser Thr Glu Gly Thr Leu Leu Glu Arg Val Asp Thr Cys His Thr Pro 755 760 765 Phe Gly Lys Arg Leu Leu Lys Gln Trp Leu Cys Ala Pro Leu Cys Asn 770 775 780 His Tyr Ala Ile Asn Asp Arg Leu Asp Ala Ile Glu Asp Leu Met Val 785 790 795 800 Val Pro Asp Lys Ile Ser Glu Val Val Glu Leu Leu Lys Lys Leu Pro 805 810 815 Asp Leu Glu Arg Leu Leu Ser Lys Ile His Asn Val Gly Ser Pro Leu 820 825 830 Lys Ser Gln Asn His Pro Asp Ser Arg Ala Ile Met Tyr Glu Glu Thr 835 840 845 Thr Tyr Ser Lys Lys Lys Ile Ile Asp Phe Leu Ser Ala Leu Glu Gly 850 855 860 Phe Lys Val Met Cys Lys Ile Ile Gly Ile Met Glu Glu Val Ala Asp 865 870 875 880 Gly Phe Lys Ser Lys Ile Leu Lys Gln Val Ile Ser Leu Gln Thr Lys 885 890 895 Asn Pro Glu Gly Arg Phe Pro Asp Leu Thr Val Glu Leu Asn Arg Trp 900 905 910 Asp Thr Ala Phe Asp His Glu Lys Ala Arg Lys Thr Gly Leu Ile Thr 915 920 925 Pro Lys Ala Gly Phe Asp Ser Asp Tyr Asp Gln Ala Leu Ala Asp Ile 930 935 940 Arg Glu Asn Glu Gln Ser Leu Leu Glu Tyr Leu Glu Lys Gln Arg Asn 945 950 955 960 Arg Ile Gly Cys Arg Thr Ile Val Tyr Trp Gly Ile Gly Arg Asn Arg 965 970 975 Tyr Gln Leu Glu Ile Pro Glu Asn Phe Thr Thr Arg Asn Leu Pro Glu 980 985 990 Glu Tyr Glu Leu Lys Ser Thr Lys Lys Gly Cys Lys Arg Tyr Trp Thr 995 1000 1005 Lys Thr Ile Glu Lys Lys Leu Ala Asn Leu Ile Asn Ala Glu Glu Arg 1010 1015 1020 Arg Asp Val Ser Leu Lys Asp Cys Met Arg Arg Leu Phe Tyr Asn Phe 1025 1030 1035 1040 Asp Lys Asn Tyr Lys Asp Trp Gln Ser Ala Val Glu Cys Ile Ala Val 1045 1050 1055 Leu Asp Val Leu Leu Cys Leu Ala Asn Tyr Ser Arg Gly Gly Asp Gly 1060 1065 1070 Pro Met Cys Arg Pro Val Ile Leu Leu Pro Glu Asp Thr Pro Pro Phe 1075 1080 1085 Leu Glu Leu Lys Gly Ser Arg His Pro Cys Ile Thr Lys Thr Phe Phe 1090 1095 1100 Gly Asp Asp Phe Ile Pro Asn Asp Ile Leu Ile Gly Cys Glu Glu Glu 1105 1110 1115 1120 Glu Gln Glu Asn Gly Lys Ala Tyr Cys Val Leu Val Thr Gly Pro Asn 1125 1130 1135 Met Gly Gly Lys Ser Thr Leu Met Arg Gln Ala Gly Leu Leu Ala Val 1140 1145 1150 Met Ala Gln Met Gly Cys Tyr Val Pro Ala Glu Val Cys Arg Leu Thr 1155 1160 1165 Pro Ile Asp Arg Val Phe Thr Arg Leu Gly Ala Ser Asp Arg Ile Met 1170 1175 1180 Ser Gly Glu Ser Thr Phe Phe Val Glu Leu Ser Glu Thr Ala Ser Ile 1185 1190 1195 1200 Leu Met His Ala Thr Ala His Ser Leu Val Leu Val Asp Glu Leu Gly 1205 1210 1215 Arg Gly Thr Ala Thr Phe Asp Gly Thr Ala Ile Ala Asn Ala Val Val 1220 1225 1230 Lys Glu Leu Ala Glu Thr Ile Lys Cys Arg Thr Leu Phe Ser Thr His 1235 1240 1245 Tyr His Ser Leu Val Glu Asp Tyr Ser Gln Asn Val Ala Val Arg Leu 1250 1255 1260 Gly His Met Ala Cys Met Val Glu Asn Glu Cys Glu Asp Pro Ser Gln 1265 1270 1275 1280 Glu Thr Ile Thr Phe Leu Tyr Lys Phe Ile Lys Gly Ala Cys Pro Lys 1285 1290 1295 Ser Tyr Gly Phe Asn Ala Ala Arg Leu Ala Asn Leu Pro Glu Glu Val 1300 1305 1310 Ile Gln Lys Gly His Arg Lys Ala Arg Glu Phe Glu Lys Met Asn Gln 1315 1320 1325 Ser Leu Arg Leu Phe Arg Glu Val Cys Leu Ala Ser Glu Arg Ser Thr 1330 1335 1340 Val Asp Ala Glu Ala Val His Lys Leu Leu Thr Leu Ile Lys Glu Leu 1345 1350 1355 1360 23 389 PRT Homo sapiens 23 Met Ala Gln Pro Lys Gln Glu Arg Val Ala Arg Ala Arg His Gln Arg 1 5 10 15 Ser Glu Thr Ala Arg His Gln Arg Ser Glu Thr Ala Lys Thr Pro Thr 20 25 30 Leu Gly Asn Arg Gln Thr Pro Thr Leu Gly Asn Arg Gln Thr Pro Arg 35 40 45 Leu Gly Ile His Ala Arg Pro Arg Arg Arg Ala Thr Thr Ser Leu Leu 50 55 60 Thr Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Lys Asn Ala Val Arg Cys Ala Leu Ile 65 70 75 80 Gly Pro Gly Ser Leu Thr Ser Arg Thr Arg Pro Leu Thr Glu Pro Leu 85 90 95 Gly Glu Lys Glu Arg Arg Glu Val Phe Phe Pro Pro Arg Pro Glu Arg 100 105 110 Val Glu His Asn Val Glu Ser Ser Arg Trp Glu Pro Arg Arg Arg Gly 115 120 125 Ala Cys Gly Ser Arg Gly Gly Asn Phe Pro Ser Pro Arg Gly Gly Ser 130 135 140 Gly Val Ala Ser Leu Glu Arg Ala Glu Asn Ser Ser Thr Glu Pro Ala 145 150 155 160 Lys Ala Ile Lys Pro Ile Asp Arg Lys Ser Val His Gln Ile Cys Ser 165 170 175 Gly Pro Val Val Pro Ser Leu Arg Pro Asn Ala Val Lys Glu Leu Val 180 185 190 Glu Asn Ser Leu Asp Ala Gly Ala Thr Asn Val Asp Leu Lys Leu Lys 195 200 205 Asp Tyr Gly Val Asp Leu Ile Glu Val Ser Gly Asn Gly Cys Gly Val 210 215 220 Glu Glu Glu Asn Phe Glu Gly Phe Thr Leu Lys His His Thr Cys Lys 225 230 235 240 Ile Gln Glu Phe Ala Asp Leu Thr Gln Val Glu Thr Phe Gly Phe Arg 245 250 255 Gly Glu Ala Leu Ser Ser Leu Cys Ala Leu Ser Asp Val Thr Ile Ser 260 265 270 Thr Cys Arg Val Ser Ala Lys Val Gly Thr Arg Leu Val Phe Asp His 275 280 285 Tyr Gly Lys Ile Ile Gln Lys Thr Pro Tyr Pro Arg Pro Arg Gly Met 290 295 300 Thr Val Ser Val Lys Gln Leu Phe Ser Thr Leu Pro Val His His Lys 305 310 315 320 Glu Phe Gln Arg Asn Ile Lys Lys Lys Arg Ala Cys Phe Pro Phe Ala 325 330 335 Phe Cys Arg Asp Cys Gln Phe Pro Glu Ala Ser Pro Ala Met Leu Pro 340 345 350 Val Gln Pro Val Glu Leu Thr Pro Arg Ser Thr Pro Pro His Pro Cys 355 360 365 Ser Leu Glu Asp Asn Val Ile Thr Val Phe Ser Ser Val Lys Asn Gly 370 375 380 Pro Gly Ser Ser Arg 385 24 264 PRT Homo sapiens 24 Met Cys Pro Trp Arg Pro Arg Leu Gly Arg Arg Cys Met Val Ser Pro 1 5 10 15 Arg Glu Ala Asp Leu Gly Pro Gln Lys Asp Thr Arg Leu Asp Leu Pro 20 25 30 Arg Ser Pro Ala Arg Ala Pro Arg Glu Gln Asn Ser Leu Gly Glu Val 35 40 45 Asp Arg Arg Gly Pro Arg Glu Gln Thr Arg Ala Pro Ala Thr Ala Ala 50 55 60 Pro Pro Arg Pro Leu Gly Ser Arg Gly Ala Glu Ala Ala Glu Pro Gln 65 70 75 80 Glu Gly Leu Ser Ala Thr Val Ser Ala Cys Phe Gln Glu Gln Gln Glu 85 90 95 Met Asn Thr Leu Gln Gly Pro Val Ser Phe Lys Asp Val Ala Val Asp 100 105 110 Phe Thr Gln Glu Glu Trp Arg Gln Leu Asp Pro Asp Glu Lys Ile Ala 115 120 125 Tyr Gly Asp Val Met Leu Glu Asn Tyr Ser His Leu Val Ser Val Gly 130 135 140 Tyr Asp Tyr His Gln Ala Lys His His His Gly Val Glu Val Lys Glu 145 150 155 160 Val Glu Gln Gly Glu Glu Pro Trp Ile Met Glu Gly Glu Phe Pro Cys 165 170 175 Gln His Ser Pro Glu Pro Ala Lys Ala Ile Lys Pro Ile Asp Arg Lys 180 185 190 Ser Val His Gln Ile Cys Ser Gly Pro Val Val Leu Ser Leu Ser Thr 195 200 205 Ala Val Lys Glu Leu Val Glu Asn Ser Leu Asp Ala Gly Ala Thr Asn 210 215 220 Ile Asp Leu Lys Leu Lys Asp Tyr Gly Val Asp Leu Ile Glu Val Ser 225 230 235 240 Asp Asn Gly Cys Gly Val Glu Glu Glu Asn Phe Glu Gly Leu Ile Ser 245 250 255 Phe Ser Ser Glu Thr Ser His Met 260 25 264 PRT Homo sapiens 25 Met Cys Pro Trp Arg Pro Arg Leu Gly Arg Arg Cys Met Val Ser Pro 1 5 10 15 Arg Glu Ala Asp Leu Gly Pro Gln Lys Asp Thr Arg Leu Asp Leu Pro 20 25 30 Arg Ser Pro Ala Arg Ala Pro Arg Glu Gln Asn Ser Leu Gly Glu Val 35 40 45 Asp Arg Arg Gly Pro Arg Glu Gln Thr Arg Ala Pro Ala Thr Ala Ala 50 55 60 Pro Pro Arg Pro Leu Gly Ser Arg Gly Ala Glu Ala Ala Glu Pro Gln 65 70 75 80 Glu Gly Leu Ser Ala Thr Val Ser Ala Cys Phe Gln Glu Gln Gln Glu 85 90 95 Met Asn Thr Leu Gln Gly Pro Val Ser Phe Lys Asp Val Ala Val Asp 100 105 110 Phe Thr Gln Glu Glu Trp Arg Gln Leu Asp Pro Asp Glu Lys Ile Ala 115 120 125 Tyr Gly Asp Val Met Leu Glu Asn Tyr Ser His Leu Val Ser Val Gly 130 135 140 Tyr Asp Tyr His Gln Ala Lys His His His Gly Val Glu Val Lys Glu 145 150 155 160 Val Glu Gln Gly Glu Glu Pro Trp Ile Met Glu Gly Glu Phe Pro Cys 165 170 175 Gln His Ser Pro Glu Pro Ala Lys Ala Ile Lys Pro Ile Asp Arg Lys 180 185 190 Ser Val His Gln Ile Cys Ser Gly Pro Val Val Leu Ser Leu Ser Thr 195 200 205 Ala Val Lys Glu Leu Val Glu Asn Ser Leu Asp Ala Gly Ala Thr Asn 210 215 220 Ile Asp Leu Lys Leu Lys Asp Tyr Gly Val Asp Leu Ile Glu Val Ser 225 230 235 240 Asp Asn Gly Cys Gly Val Glu Glu Glu Asn Phe Glu Gly Leu Ile Ser 245 250 255 Phe Ser Ser Glu Thr Ser His Met 260 

We claim:
 1. A method for making a hypermutable yeast, comprising the step of: introducing into a yeast a polynucleotide comprising a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene, whereby the cell becomes hypermutable.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the mismatch repair gene is a MutH homolog.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the mismatch repair gene is a MutS homolog.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the mismatch repair gene is a MutL homolog.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the mismatch repair gene is a MutY homolog.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the mismatch repair gene is PMS2.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the mismatch repair gene is plant PMS2.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the mismatch repair gene is MLH1.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the mismatch repair gene is MLH3.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the mismatch repair gene is MSH2.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the mismatch repair gene is a PMSR or PMSL homolog.
 12. The method of claim 4 wherein the allele comprises a truncation mutation.
 13. The method of claim 6 where the allele comprises a truncation mutation.
 14. The method of claim 7 where the allele comprises a truncation mutation.
 15. The method of claim 3 where the allele comprises a truncation mutation.
 16. The method of claim 3 wherein the allele comprises a truncation mutation at codon
 134. 17. The method of claim 4 wherein the allele comprises a truncation mutation at codon
 134. 18. The method of claim 6 wherein the allele comprises a truncation mutation at codon
 134. 19. The method of claim 1 wherein the polynucleotide is introduced into a yeast by mating.
 20. The method of claim 6 wherein the mismatch repair gene is mammalian PMS2.
 21. The method of claim 14 wherein the mismatch repair gene is plant PMS2.
 22. The method of claim 12 wherein the mismatch repair gene is MLH1.
 23. The method of claim 12 wherein the mismatch repair gene is MLH3.
 24. The method of claim 15 wherein the mismatch repair gene is MSH2.
 25. The method of claim 15 wherein the mismatch repair gene is MSH3.
 26. The method of claim 15 wherein the mismatch repair gene is MSH6.
 27. The method of claim 12 wherein the mismatch repair gene is a plant MutL homolog.
 28. A homogeneous composition of cultured, hypermutable, yeast which comprise a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene.
 29. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 28 wherein the mismatch repair gene is a mutL gene or homolog.
 30. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 28 wherein the mismatch repair gene is a PMS2 gene or homolog.
 31. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 28 wherein the mismatch repair gene is a MLH1 or homolog.
 32. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 28 wherein the mismatch repair gene is a PMSR homolog.
 33. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 28 wherein the mismatch repair gene is mutS or a homolog.
 34. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 28 wherein the mismatch repair gene is eukaryotic.
 35. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 28 wherein the mismatch repair gene is procaryotic.
 36. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 30 wherein the cells express a protein consisting of the first 133 amino acids of PMS2.
 37. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 30 comprising a protein which consists of the first 133 amino acids of PMS2.
 38. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 33 comprising a mammalian MutS protein.
 39. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 31 comprising a protein which consists of a mammalian MutL protein.
 40. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 28 comprising a eukaryotic MutL protein.
 41. The isolated hypermutable yeast of claim 28 comprising a eukaryotic MutS protein.
 42. A method for generating a mutation in a gene of interest comprising the steps of: growing a yeast culture comprising the gene of interest and a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene, wherein the cell is hypermutable; and testing the cell to determine whether the gene of interest harbors a mutation.
 43. The method of claim 42 wherein the step of testing comprises analyzing a nucleotide sequence of the gene of interest.
 44. The method of claim 42 wherein the step of testing comprises analyzing mRNA transcribed from the gene of interest.
 45. The method of claim 42 wherein the step of testing comprises analyzing a protein encoded by the gene of interest.
 46. The method of claim 42 wherein the step of testing comprises analyzing a phenotype associated with the gene of interest.
 47. The method of claim 42 wherein the yeast is made by the process of introducing a polynucleotide comprising a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene into a yeast cell, whereby the yeast cell becomes hypermutable.
 48. The method of claim 47 wherein the step of testing comprises analyzing the nucleotide sequence from the gene of interest.
 49. The method of claim 47 wherein the step of testing comprises analyzing a protein encoded by the gene of interest.
 50. The method of claim 47 wherein the step of testing comprises analyzing the phenotype of the gene of interest.
 51. A method for generating a mutation in a gene of interest comprising the steps of: growing a yeast cell comprising the gene of interest and a polynucleotide encoding a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene to create a population of mutated, hypermutable yeast cells; cultivating the population of mutated, hypermutable yeast cells under trait selection conditions; testing the yeast cells which grow under trait selection conditions to determine whether the gene of interest harbors a mutation.
 52. The method of claim 51 wherein the step of testing comprises analyzing a nucleotide sequence of the gene of interest.
 53. The method of claim 51 wherein the step of testing comprises analyzing mRNA transcribed from the gene of interest.
 54. The method of claim 51 wherein the step of testing comprises analyzing a protein encoded by the gene of interest.
 55. The method of claim 51 wherein the step of testing comprises analyzing a phenotype associated with the gene of interest.
 56. The method of claim 51 further comprising the step of using the yeast cells which harbor a mutation in the gene of interest to produce a recombinant product.
 57. The method of claim 51 further comprising the step of using the yeast cells which harbor a mutation in the gene of interest to perform a biotransformation.
 58. The method of claim 51 further comprising the step of using the yeast cells which harbor a mutation in the gene of interest to perform bioremediation.
 59. The method of claim 51 further comprising the step of using the yeast cells which harbor a mutation in the gene of interest to identify genes encoding viral antigens.
 60. The method of claim 51 further comprising the step of using the yeast cells which harbor a mutation in the gene of interest to identify yeast antigens.
 61. The method of claim 51 further comprising the step of using the yeast cells which harbor a mutation in the gene of interest to identify pharmaceutical targets.
 62. The method of claim 51 wherein themutation in the gene of interest causes antibiotic resistance, and the gene is cloned.
 63. The method of claim 51 further comprising the step of using the yeast cells which harbor a mutation in the gene of interest to screen compund libraries.
 64. A method for generating enhanced hypermutable yeast comprising the steps of: exposing a yeast cell to a mutagen, wherein the yeast cell is defective in mismatch repair (MMR) due to the presence of a dominant negative allele of at least one MMR gene, whereby an enhanced rate of mutation of the yeast cell is achieved.
 65. The method of claim 64 wherein the mutagen is a DNA alkylating agent.
 66. The method of claim 64 wherein the mutagen is a DNA intercalating agent.
 67. The method of claim 64 wherein the mutagen is a DNA oxidizing agent.
 68. The method of claim 64 wherein the mutagen is ionizing radiation.
 69. The method of claim 64 wherein the mutagen is ultraviolet irradiation.
 70. The method of claim 64 wherein the dominant negative allele is inducibly regulated.
 71. A method for generating mismatch repair (MMR)-proficient yeast with new output traits, comprising the steps of: growing a yeast cell comprising a gene of interest and a polynucleotide encoding a dominant negative allele of a mismatch repair gene to create a population of mutated, hypermutable yeast cells; cultivating the population of mutated, hypermutable yeast cells under trait selection conditions; testing the yeast cells which grow under trait selection conditions to determine whether the gene of interest harbors a mutation; restoring normal mismatch repair activity to the yeast cells.
 72. The method of claim 71 wherein the yeast cell is exposed to a mutagen to increase the rate of mutation prior to the step of cultivating.
 73. The method of claim 71 wherein the step of restoring normal mismatch repair activity comprises removing an inducer which regulates transcription of the dominant negative allele from the yeast cells.
 74. The method of claim 72 wherein the step of restoring normal mismatch repair activity comprises removing an inducer which regulates transcription of the dominant negative allele from the yeast cells.
 75. The method of claim 73 wherein the inducer is methanol.
 76. The mthod of claim 73 wherein the inducer is galactose.
 77. The method of claim 71 wherein the step of restoring normal mismatch repair activity comprises excising the dominant negative allele by homologous recombination.
 78. The method of claim 71 wherein the step of restoring normal mismatch repair activity involves inactivating the dominant negative allele.
 79. The method of claim 71 wherein the step of restoring normal mismatch repair activity comprises applying selection conditions to the yeast cells under which cells which have lost the dominant negative allele can grow but cells which harbor the dominant negative allele cannot grow.
 80. The method of claim 71 wherein the step of restoring normal mismatch repair activity is performed subsequent to the step of cultivating under trait selection conditions.
 81. The method of claim 72 wherein the step of restoring normal mismatch repair activity is performed susequent to the step of exposing to a mutagen and subsequent to the step of cultivating under trait selection conditions
 82. The method of claim 72 wherein mutagen is ionizing radiation.
 83. The method of claim 72 wherein the mutagen is ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.
 84. The method of claim 71 wherein normal mismatch repair activity is restored by complementing with a wild-type mismatch repair allele. 